Chapter 11

Question 1

what are the linking processes?

Answer 1

decision making, communication, balance

Question 2

three primary stages of decision making

Answer 2

1) define the problem 2) identify and analyse potential courses of action 3) selection of particular course of action

Question 3

how are managerial and non-managerial decisions diff?

Answer 3

managerial all 3 stages, non-managerial only the choice stage

Question 4

which takes more judgement: programmed or nonprogrammed decisions?

Answer 4

nonprogrammed

Question 5

programmed decisions also called:

Answer 5

routine/repetitive decisions

Question 6

two types of nonprogrammed decisions?

Answer 6

organizational and personal

Question 7

what are steps of good decision making?

Answer 7

recognize and define prob, identify alternatives, evaluate alternatives, select best alternative, implement alternative, evaluate outcome

Question 8

“satisficing” decision coined by:

Answer 8

Simon and March

Question 9

conditions under which decisions are made

Answer 9

certainty, risk, uncertainty

Question 10

what to do when little to no knowledge about occurrence of various states of nature in decision;

Answer 10

optimistic/maximum approach (biggest potential), pessimistic/maximin approach (least negative worst outcome), risk-averting approach (least variation among possible outcomes)

Question 11

what are some decision making techniques?

Answer 11

decision trees, cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, networks, linear programming, game theory, queuing theory, simulation, AI, expert systems

Question 12

what are two widely used networks?

Answer 12

Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM)

Question 13

what is a network?

Answer 13

graphic representation of flow and sequence of events and activities

Question 14

activity vs. event?

Answer 14

define work to be performed vs. beginning/end of activity

Question 15

PERT is used when time when activities finish is ___, so need these three time estimates:

Answer 15

uncertain; optimistic time, likely time, pessimistic time

Question 16

what is critical path?

Answer 16

path with longest duration

Question 17

linear program invented by ___ and focuses on an optimal combo of ____ to obtain desired objective

Answer 17

Loomba; resources

Question 18

a pioneer in computer menu planning based on linear programming

Answer 18

Balintfy

Question 19

advantages of using computer simulation?

Answer 19

changes in procedure can be examined without disrupting ops, time to complete tasks can be modified and effect on op explored, bottlenecks in flow of ops can be identified

Question 20

Burack and Mathys describe three possibilities for managerial decision making:

Answer 20

1) individual 2) combination 3) group

Question 21

methods of group decision making:

Answer 21

interacting (freely discuss), delphi (expert), nominal (take turns presenting), focus (customer feedback)

Question 22

two potentially negative group phenomena:

Answer 22

groupthink, risky shift

Question 23

communication in orgs viewed from these two perspectives:

Answer 23

interpersonal, organizational

Question 24

What are channels in an organization?

Answer 24

face to face, memos, letters, emails, reports, phone

Question 25

Sayles, Strauss, Chaney, and Martin identified these common barriers in interpersonal communication:

Answer 25

hearing an expected message, ignoring conflicting info, diff. perceptions, evaluating the source, interpreting words differently, ignoring non-verbal cues, becoming emotional, cultural diff, linguistics

Question 26

Hany identifies this additional barrier:

Answer 26

allness

Question 27

what are some techniques for improved communication?

Answer 27

feedback, many channels, face to face, sensitivity to receiver, awareness of symbolic meanings, careful timing and reinforcing of words with actions, simple language, repetition

Question 28

Lesikar identified these four factors that influence effectiveness of org communication:

Answer 28

formal channels, authority structure, job specialization, information ownership

Question 29

common forms of downward communication

Answer 29

job instructions, policy statements, procedure manuals, official publications

Question 30

upward communication forms

Answer 30

suggestion boxes, special meetings, grievance procedures, ombudsperson, open door policy, exit interview

Question 31

informal communication channel in which info is passed from one employee to another

Answer 31

grapevine

Question 32

is written communication more formal or informal?

Answer 32

formal

Question 33

what does DRIB stand for?

Answer 33

don't read if busy

Question 34

what does NRN mean?

Answer 34

no reply necessary

Question 35

4 ways of acculturation

Answer 35

assimilation, separation, integration, deculturation

Question 36

Chaney and Martin identified these issues that differ among cultures that can affect communication:

Answer 36

paralanguage, chronemics, proxemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics, silence

Question 37

what are the four zones of interaction of Hall and Hall?

Answer 37

intimate zone, personal zone, social zone, public distance

Question 38

Robbins' four suggestions for reducing misconceptions/misperceptions when cross-cultural communicating:

Answer 38

assume diffs until similarities proven, emphasize description instead of interpretation/evaluation, practice empathy, treat your interpretation as a working hypothesis

Question 39

Robbins' two gen. approaches to negotiation:

Answer 39

distributive bargaining and integrative bargainng

Question 40

bargaining where resources available are fixed and negotiation focuses on what portion of resources each party gets

Answer 40

distributive

Question 41

bargaining where there is variable amount of resources available and there can be many possible financial dispersement options

Answer 41

integrative

Question 42

in distributive bargaining, what is target point, resistance point, and settlement range?

Answer 42

what you want, lowest acceptable amount, area of overlap between

Question 43

Robbins and Coulter recommendations to become more effective bargainers:

Answer 43

research individual bargaining with, begin with positive overture, address probs and not personalities, pay little attention to initial offers, emphasize win-win, create open and trusting enviro

Question 44

people who introduced "shadow negotiation"

Answer 44

Kolb and Williams

Question 45

strategic shadow negotiation moves:

Answer 45

(power, process, appreciative); offer explicit incentives, put a price on status quo, enlist support, seed ideas early, reframe process, build consensus, help others save face, keep dialogue goign, solicit other perspectives

Question 46

managerial adaptation to changing enviro, political, social , tech conditions

Answer 46

balance

Question 47

according to Stoner and Wankel, organizing process involves balancing company needs for ____ and ____

Answer 47

stability; change

Question 48

internally, employees are changing by:

Answer 48

emphasizing human values, questioning authority, assert rights under affirmative action, safety, compensation; question fairness of management decisions

Question 49

org design affected by three types of external enviro:

Answer 49

stable, changing, turbulent

Question 50

person who developed force field theory

Answer 50

Lewin

Question 51

which is more effective: decreasing restraining forces or increasing driving forces?

Answer 51

decreasing restraining

Question 52

Peters and Waterman describe the properties of balanced structure that responds to three needs:

Answer 52

maintain efficiency around basics, engage in innovation on regular basis, avoid calcification by ensuring responsiveness to major threats

Question 53

structure of org based on these three pillars:

Answer 53

stability, entrepeneurial, habit-breaking

Question 54

career readiness competencies

Answer 54

professionalism/work ethic, oral/written communications, teamwork/collaboration, critical thinking/prob solving, digital tech, leadership, global/intercultural fluency, career management

Question 55

five comps of critical thinking

Answer 55

explanation of issues, evidence, influence of context and assumption, position, conclusions and related outcomes

Question 56

what are 3 decision making traps and solutions?

Answer 56

stimulus overflow (simplify), permanent stress (state management), perfectionism (80% rule)