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history of psychology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Positivism

A

The belief in objective data and avoidance of theoretical speculation. proof not abstract idea

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2
Q

logical positivism

A

belief in positive ideas but, combined with logic breaks into 2 parts

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3
Q

Empirical

A

Scientific observation of evidence to form logical conclusions

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4
Q

theoretical

A

rationalism, using evidence to form logical conclusions

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5
Q

the logic of modern physics

A

all concepts must have physical referents that can be defined

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6
Q

Operationism

A

the belief abstract, theoretical concepts can be relevant must be made objective , observable, and measurable

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7
Q

theory

A

set of interrelated propositions, a framework for prediction and explaining empirical events

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8
Q

1.) what should psychology study?

A

Learning

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9
Q

2.)Most behavior can be accounted by what?

A

Laws of conditioning

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10
Q
  1. psychology must adopt the principle of?
A

operationism

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11
Q

Differences

A

logical positivism must be used
theoretical terms must be operationally defined
reliance and operationism
animals vs humans

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12
Q

who used animals?

A

Tolman. Hull, Skinner

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13
Q

What do animals allow?

A

easier control of variables

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14
Q

Who used Humans??

A

Bandura

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15
Q

Edward Chace Toleman rejected ?

A

introspection as a method

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16
Q

what was Toleman not interested in?

A

internal experiences (thought) unless they could be objectively observed

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17
Q

Purposiveness

A

all behavior is goal directed ! we have a reason for doing what we do. you can tell what the purpose is by observing behavior

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18
Q

Intervening variables

A

variables that change or modulate how the stimulus( environment) is interpreted and the behavior( response) that results

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19
Q

how did Toleman define them?

A

operationally

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20
Q

purpose and cognition were

A

theoretical constructs

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21
Q

theoretical constructs can do what ???

A

describe, predict, and explain behavior

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22
Q

what is an example of intervening variables?

A

thirst. one can be thirsty or not. when presented with water ( stimulus) a person responds based on their thirst (drinking or not drinking)

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23
Q

Toleman used what for learning?

A

Maze learning

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24
Q

Cognitive map

A

an image of the area you are navigating, a mental map

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25
Q

Expectancy

A

how a decision will play out

26
Q

example of expectancy??

A

you expect a certain result every time you flip a light switch

27
Q

Sign Gestalt

A

A learned relationship between environmental cues and expectancies regarding those cues

28
Q

ex. of sign Gestalt

A

after using a clicker you understand one button changes channels and one changes volume (this relationship is sign Gestalt)

29
Q

Latent learning ( Toleman)

A

knowledge is different than performance . no trying or reinforcement

30
Q

what did Toleman believe about rats and how they learned?

A

that you could learn a maze without trying and without reinforcement. by small exposure to it

31
Q

Clark Hull

Hypothetic deductive theory

A

an idea about how intervening variables work to explain behavior (MANY PARTS)

32
Q

Hull (Drive)

A

a biological need

33
Q

Hull what are biological needs?

A

food never goes away fully can be measured

34
Q

Hull (drive reduction)

A

organisms want to reduce drive to 0 so they feel content

35
Q

Hull (Habit strength)

A

whenever a behavior (response) successfully reduces a drive, it neg. reinforces behavior/

36
Q

Learning ( hull)

A

defined as an increase in habit strength. when a behavior successfully reduces a drive. increase in habit strength……drive reduction

37
Q

what did Hull take out of Toleman’s approach?

A

mentalism

38
Q

what did Skinner believe in about psychology ?

A

believed psychology was about predicting & controlling behavior to make society better.

39
Q

What did Skinner want to do? 3 things

A

Describe not explain
bottom up approach
experiment first and describe what happened.

40
Q

what did Skinner use as a subject?

A

Single subject! (single animal)

41
Q

Operant conditioning

A

consequences of behavior control behavior

42
Q

Law of Acquisition

A

the strength of operant behavior increases when followed by reinforcing stimulus

43
Q

reinforcer

A

anything that increases the likelihood of behavior

44
Q

punishment

A

anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior

45
Q

positive

A

the addition of something

46
Q

negative

A

the removal of something

47
Q

schedule of reinforcement

A

rate of response varies as a function of the schedule reinforcement

48
Q

partial/ intermittent reinforcement

A

reinforcement only happen sometimes

49
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

consistent every behavior rewarded with reinforce

50
Q

Example of pos punishment

A

Spanking

51
Q

example of neg punishment

A

removable of enjoyable behavior (grounding child) taking away toys.

52
Q

Shaping

A

too complex to teach at once. reinforce partial behaviors

53
Q

what did skinner try to invent that failed?

A

air cribs,( machine to out kid in.) pigeon guided missiles

54
Q

variable ratio

A

slot machine, eventually will get something out of it

55
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

every time you do a behavior receive reward

56
Q

variable interval

A

pop quiz don’t know when its coming

57
Q

Watsonian behaviorism dates?
Neobehavorism dates?
sociobehaviorism

A

1913-1930
1930-1960
1960- present

58
Q

Rationalism

A

logical reasoning making inferences

59
Q

theory

A

testable hypotheses

60
Q

what did Skinner not use??

A

theory

61
Q

Operationalism

A

abstract theoretical concept are relevant

62
Q

what do neobehavorist’s do?1. 2. 3.

A

psych should study learning
laws of conditioning
operationalism

history of psychology (7 decks)

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