Chapter 11

Question 1

Foraging

Answer 1

Searching for and consuming food

Question 2

Search Image

Answer 2

Forming an image of prey so it becomes easier to find

Question 3

Optimal Foraging Theory

Answer 3

Mathematic models used to predict animal foraging behaviors under certain constraints

Weighs the costs and benefits, predicts what an animal should do to maximize its fitness

Question 4

e
lambda
h

Answer 4

energy provided
encounter rate
handling time

Question 5

Assumptions of the prey choice model

Answer 5

1. energy is measured in standard currency
2. cant handle pray and search for next simultaneously
3. prey is recognized instantly
4. prey are encountered sequentially
5. natural selection favors animals who maximize their energy intake

Question 6

more e, less h

Answer 6

the more profitable

Question 7

the OFT model predicts…

Answer 7

the most profitable prey should never be ignored

Question 8

If prey 1 is more profitable than prey 2…

Answer 8

which one you choose is dependent on the encounter rate of prey 1

Question 9

According to the Optimal Diet Model, prey 2 should only be taken if the encounter rate of prey 1…

Answer 9

drops below the threshold

Question 10

If the ODM is true…

Answer 10

only take prey 1 and ignore prey 2

Question 11

profitability =

Answer 11

e/h

Question 12

Costs of staying in a patch

Answer 12

depletion of food
prey might be more evasive

Question 13

Costs of leaving a patch

Answer 13

loss of energy from travel
predation during travel
time foraging lost

Question 14

Marginal value theorem

Answer 14

model used to predict how long an animal should remain in a patch

Question 15

Predictions of MVT

Answer 15

1. gains of staying in patch decrease as a patch is depleted
2. forager should stay until they can do better elsewhere, travel time included
3. Forager should leave when expected gain from new patch outwheighs gain of old patch and when the greatest gain of food intake/unit of time
4. the greater the distance between patches the longer the forager should stay

Question 16

When you draw a tangent line along the gain curve…

Answer 16

the optimal time to leave is when that line intersects the gain curve

Question 17

MVT assumptions

Answer 17

1. patches are recognized by forager
2. time in between is known
3. gain curve is smooth, decelerating
4. if travel time and gain curve are known, optimal time to leave can be predicted

Question 18

Cowie study of great tits proved

Answer 18

as the travel time (difficulty opening cup) increased, the time in patch increased

Question 19

Davies OFT study in pied wagtails proved

Answer 19

Animals choose highest reward regardless of availability of other options

Question 20

Risk-Sensitive foraging model

Answer 20

Higher food variability = a higher risk of doing well or badly

How does food variance affect patch choice

Question 21

3 examples of the MTV model

Answer 21

1. Dung flies lay eggs on doo, where males wait for them, males wait until eggs are laid, how long should he wait to seek out another female.
2. Parasitoid wasps stay in a patch longer with a lot of hosts, they deplete patches to the same leave, How long should the wasp stay.
3. How long should a cheater remain in a patch to exploit cooperators

Question 22

Risk sensitive foraging model predicts…

Answer 22

Animals hunger state affect which patch they choose

Hungry-risk prone-variable

Satiated averse, consistent

Question 23

If you require some food…

Answer 23

consistent patch = 100% to get enough

variable patch = 50% to get enough

Question 24

If you require a lot of food

Answer 24

consistent patch = 0% to get enough

Variable patch = 50% to get enough

Question 25

the Yellow eyed juncos being starved of food for 1 hour and 4 hours study proved the

Answer 25

risk sensitive foraging model more starved chooses more variable

Question 26

Examples of animals that grow their own food

Answer 26

1. leafcutter ants farm fungi 2. termites build large mounds to grow mushrooms 3. ambrosia beetles grow fungus inside bark 4. Damselfish grow algae in coral reefs (protect algae) 5. Some ants farm aphids (eat honeydew excreted by aphids) 6. Bell miners farm psyllid insects to eat lerps they produce

Question 27

Group size and foraging vs Vigilance

Answer 27

more members, more food per member less time being vigilant and more time foraging Mittlebach bluegills flushed out more prey when in larger groups

Question 28

Cooperative hunting ______ success rate of catching prey and ....

Answer 28

increases allows them to take larger prey can defend kill to others

Question 29

Public Information

Answer 29

use the actions of other to provide updates on the environment

Question 30

Solitary foragers acquire info by... Group foragers acquire info by...

Answer 30

Visit earlier, track time and amount eaten watching success of others, know when to leave

Question 31

Planning for the future with western scrub jays

Answer 31

Store food in areas they are exposed to more and more accessible that they can remember cache kibble with peanuts and peanuts with kibble