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PSY100 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sex?

A

The properties of a person that determine his or her classification as male or female.

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2
Q

5 Characteristics used to classify sex?

A

Chromosomes, gonads, hormones, genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics.

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3
Q

What are gonads?

A

Glands that produce sex hormones and generate ova (eggs) in females and sperm in males. The female gonads are the ovaries and the male gonads are the testes.

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4
Q

What hormones are predominant in females and males?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone are higher in women than men, while Androgens are higher in men than women.

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5
Q

What is the vulva, and what does it consist of?
External genitalia of males include?

A

The vulva is the external genitalia of females. Includes mons pubis (fleshy area above vagina), the labia (lips surrounding vaginal opening) and the clitoris (small sensory organ at the top of where the labia meet)
Penis and scrotum.

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6
Q

What is gender?

A

Refers to the social and psychological aspects of being female and male.

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7
Q

What is gender identity?

A

An individual’s sense of belonging to male or female

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8
Q

What do instrumentality and expressiveness mean in the context of gender-related characteristics?

A

Instrumentality refers to more masculine traits while Expressiveness refers to more feminine traits.

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9
Q

What does being Androgynous mean?

A

Means that a person is high on both instrumental and expressive qualities.

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10
Q

What does being Undifferentiated mean?

A

Means the individual is low on both dimensions of instrumentality and expressiveness.

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11
Q

What causes the development of male sexual features?

A

A particular gene on the Y chromosome, the SRY gene (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome) is activated early in the first 3 months of pregnancy.

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12
Q

What is intersex conditions (hermaphroditism)?

A

When prenatal hormone exposure, chromosomes abnormalities, and environmental factors lead to genitals that are not clearly male or female.

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13
Q

What are Disorders of sexual development (DSD)

A

Congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is not typical.

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14
Q

What does Transgender mean?

A

Refers to experiencing one’s psychological gender as different from one’s biological or “natal” sex. Most common “male-to-female”

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15
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A

Dysphoria means discomfort or lack of positive feelings. So gender dysphoria refers to a person’s discomfort with his or her natal gender.

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16
Q

Biological Approach to gender?

A

Draws links between the aspects of the person’s biological sex and his or her eventual psychological feelings of gender.

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17
Q

What does children from 3-8 months looking at toys/dolls depending on whether they are male/female prove?

A

It proves that such differences are thought to be biological, not social, because of the very young age.

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18
Q

Evolutionary psychology approach to gender?

A

views the differences between sexes through the lens of natural selection and adaptation.

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19
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Means that the male and female members of a species differ from each other because of differences in competition (for mates) and choice (opp. sex selecting the lucky one).

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20
Q

Social Cognitive Approach?

A

Focuses on how children learn about gender and how they come to occupy a particular gender identity, the way they internalize information about gender and the way the environment reinforces gender-related behavior. From this perspective, gender behavior is learned through reward and punishment.

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21
Q

What is a gender schema?

A

A mental framework for understanding what is considered appropriate behavior for females and males in their culture.

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22
Q

What is the Social role theory?

A

A theory of gender development that acknowledges the physical differences between the sexes that led men and women to perform different tasks. Also points the ways the differences in social expectation create and support social structures that limit opportunities for both sexes.

23
Q

What are gender roles?

A

They are expectation for how a female person and how a male person should think, act and feel.

24
Q

What are gender sterotypes?

A

Overly general beliefs and expectation about what women and men are like.

25
Q

Why is research comparing men and women correlational?

A

It’s because gender cannot be manipulated.

26
Q

What do neuroimaging studies of the amygdalae tell us?

A

It shows that women are more responsive to negative stimuli and men are more responsive to positive stimuli.

27
Q

When are women and men more likely to help?

A

Women are more likely to help when doing so does not involve risk to personal safety (donating to charity)
Men are more likely to help in situations in which a perceived danger is present and in which they feel competent.

28
Q

Pedophilic disorder is associated with?

A

Low self-esteem, poor social skills, low IQ and a history of head injuries. Brain imaging shows a pervasive patters of brain dysfunction, related to the connections between brain regions.

29
Q

Sex differences in cognitive abilities were better explained by gender than sex. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE. (masculine and feminine individuals differ, not men and women)

30
Q

What is the gender similarities hypothesis?

A

It is the idea that men and women are much more similar than they are different.

31
Q

What is Agression?

A

Behavior that is intended to harm another person.

32
Q

What is Overt aggression?

A

Refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly. Note: women’s smaller size may be one reason they are less likely to engage in overt aggression.

33
Q

Explain aggression from all the approaches.

A

Biological approach focuses on the role of a hormone (testosterone) to explain why overt aggression is more common in men than women.
Evolutionary approach would view overt aggression of males as an outgrowth of ancestral male competition for females.
Social cognitive perspective would reflect differences in boys’ and girls’ socialization, with girls being taught overt aggression is inappropriate.

34
Q

What is sexuality?

A

Refers to the ways people experience and express themselves as sexual beings.

35
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

The direction of his or her erotic interests. (Does not mean simply sexual behavior, jail example)

36
Q

Lesbian to Bisexual or Bisexual to Lesbian is most likely?

A

Lesbian to Bisexual.

37
Q

What are 5 important issues when it comes to thinking critically about sexual orientation?

A
  1. Unlikelihood of a single cause
  2. Within-group variation: the attraction might be the only thing common between 2 heterosexual males.
  3. Research challenges: heterosexual and homosexual participants are recruited in very different ways.
  4. The meaning of cross-sex similarities.
  5. Explaining sexual orientation does not mean explaining only homosexuality.
38
Q

What are 2 brain differences when it comes to sexuality?

A

Thickness of corpus callosum and the symmetry between the brain’s two hemispheres.
Gay men have a thicker corpus callosa (bundle of fibers that connects the two hemispheres) and the two hemispheres are alike (for gay men and heterosexual females).
Heterosexual men and lesbian women have a larger right hemisphere than the left.

39
Q

Why do Gay and lesbian couples report themselves as more satisfied in their relationships compared to heterosexual couples?

A

A possibility is that heterosexual individuals may feel more pressure to get married and stay married, hence they may be supported to stay in an unsatisfying relationship.

40
Q

What is the human sexual response pattern?

A

Consists of 4 phases.
Excitement: begins the process of erotic responsiveness. Increased blood flow to genital areas + muscle tension.
Plateau: continuation and heightening of the arousal.
Orgasm: Accompanied by the release of the neurotransmitter oxytocin, which plays a role in social bonding.
Resolution: Everything returns to normal. Women can orgasm again without delay while men enter a refractory period, in which they cannot have another orgasm.

41
Q

What was Helen Sings Kaplan’s view about sexual response?

A

She thought there was a key initial stage, desire. She believed that without desire, the stages might never get started.

42
Q

Sexuality is influence by?

A

Sexual scripts: patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually.

43
Q

What does Comprehensive sex education involve?

A

Involves providing students with comprehensive knowledge about sexual behavior, both control and the use of condoms in protecting against sexually transmitted infections.

44
Q

What is the abstinence-only approach?

A

Emphasizes that sexual behavior outside of marriage is harmful to individuals of any age.

45
Q

What is a fetish?

A

An object or activity that arouses sexual interest and desire.

46
Q

What is a transvestic fetish?

A

A person gets sexual pleasure from wearing clothing of the opposite sex.

47
Q

What is sadomasochism?

A

When the sadistic partner gains pleasure from dominating another person (the masochist) who in turn enjoys being dominated.

48
Q

What are Paraphilic disorders? Which phenomenon is used to explain some paraphilic disorders?

A

-Sexual interest that cause person distress.
-Sexual desires that involve another person’s psychological distress, injury or death.
-Desire for sexual behavior with unwilling persons or those who cannot give legal consent.
Classical conditioning (jerk off near shoes = shoe fetish)

49
Q

What is a Pedophilic disorder?

A

A psychological disorder in which an adult or an older adolescent sexually fantasizes about or engages in sexual behavior with individuals who have not yet reached puberty.

50
Q

Lack of sexual desire in both women and men can stem from?

A

Low levels of androgen, stress, anxiety and depression, physical illness, and various medications.

51
Q

What are 2 common sexual disorders in men?

A

Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation.

52
Q

What is a sexually transmitted Infection (STI)?

A

An infection contracted primarily through sexual activity - vaginal intercourse as well as oral and anal sex.

53
Q

Which STI has the greatest impact on sexual behavior in the past decades?

A

HIV

54
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a sexually transmitted infection that destroys the body’s immune system

PSY100 (11 decks)

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