Chapter 10

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

the force that moves people to behave, think and feel the way they do

Question 2

What did the evolutionary theory of motivation emphasize on?

Answer 2

Instinct. it is the innate biological pattern of behavior (universal)

Question 3

Motivation can be thought of through the constructs of drive and need. What do they mean?

Answer 3

Drive is an aroused state of tension that occurs because pf a physiological need (itch needs scratching)
Need is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation (need for water)

Question 4

What is drive reduction theory? What is the goal of drive reduction?

Answer 4

As a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it. The goal is Homeostasis.

Question 5

What is Optimal arousal theory

Answer 5

There should be a level of arousal that is ideal for facilitating goal attainment. (just enough arousal)

Question 6

What is Yerkes-Dodson law?

Answer 6

Performance is better under conditions of moderate arousal rather than high or low. (too lethargic or cant concentrate)

Question 7

What is Overlearning?

Answer 7

Learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic.

Question 8

What does the hormone Cholecystokinin do? How does serotonin tie into this?

Answer 8

Helps starts the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals us to stop eating.
Serotonin is partly responsible for satiating the effect of CCK

Question 9

What are the 3 chemical substances that play a role in hunger, eating and satiety?

Answer 9

Glucose: brain depends on sugar for energy. A set of sugar receptors in brain trigger hunger. Another set in liver store excess and release it into blood when needed. Liver signals when its sugar supply falls which triggers hunger.
Insulin: plays a role in glucose control. Consuming complex carbs makes insulin go up then down gradually, while eating simple sugars makes it go down sharply.
Leptin: decreases food intake and increases metabolism. It inhibits the production of a neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus that induces eating.

Question 10

What 2 areas of the hypothalamus play a role in hunger?

Answer 10

Lateral: involved in stimulating eating (begins to eat when stimulated)
Ventromedial: reduces hunger and restricts eating when stimulated.

Question 11

What is a set point in weight?

Answer 11

It is the weight maintained when the person doesn’t try losing or gaining weight. Determined by adipose cells (fat cells) in the body.

Question 12

What is Anorexia nervosa?

Answer 12

It is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. It has the highest mortality rate.

Question 13

What is Bulimia nervose?

Answer 13

Eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge eating pattern.

Question 14

Binge eating disorder? Causes and treatment?

Answer 14

Characterized by recurrent episodes of eating more food in a short period of time than most people would eat and during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.
Genes play a role, so does dopamine. Can either be treated by promoting weight loss or addressing the psychological issues first.

Question 15

What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 15

Physiological needs -> Safety -> Love and Belongingness -> Esteem -> Self-Actualization (the motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being

Question 16

What is the self-determination theory?

Answer 16

There are 3 basic organismic needs
Competence: met when we feel that we are able to bring about desired outcomes.
-involves self-efficacy: belief that you have the competence to accomplish a given goal.
-and mastery: sense that you can gain skills and overcome obstacles.
Relatedness: the need to engage in warm relations with other people
Autonomy: the sense that we are in control of our own life

Question 17

What is Self-regulation?

Answer 17

The process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives.

Question 18

What are 2 things that are associated with particularly poor self-regulation?

Answer 18

Impulsivity: the tendency to act rashly
Procrastination: intentionally putting off actions on a goal.

Question 19

What is Emotion?

Answer 19

Feeling that can involve physiological arousal (heart beating fast), conscious experience (feeling joy) and behavioral expression (a smile)

Question 20

What are the effects of SNS and PNS arousal?

Answer 20

SNS: responsible for rapid reactions to threats (Increased blood pressure, faster heart rate, more rapid breathing and more efficient blood flow to the brain and major muscle) groups.
PNS: Calms the body and promotes maintenance and healing (drops heart rate, breathing slow and food digestion increases)

Question 21

What is the James-Lange theory

Answer 21

Emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment (emotions occur after physiological reactions)
EX. you see a bull, you run, your aroused body then sends sensory messages to brain, emotion is perceived

Question 22

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

Answer 22

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Question 23

State a couple of things that are linked with positive and negative emotions.

Answer 23

Positive: dopamine, endorphins. Norepinephrine functions in regulating arousal and anxiety. Limbic system INCLUDING AMYGDALAE
Negative: amygdalae play a central role in fear.

Question 24

What are the 2 pathwats in the brain for fear?

Answer 24

Direct pathway: from thalamus to the amygdalae. (does not convey detailed information, but is faster)
Indirect pathway: thalamus through sensory cortex to the amygdalae.

Question 25

What is the two-factor theory of emotion?

Answer 25

Emotion is determined by 2 factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. (we look to the external world for an explanation of why we are aroused)

Question 26

What are Lazarus’ and Zajonc opinions on whether thinking or feeling comes first?

Answer 26

Lazarus believes that emotions that follow depend on appraisal (if a student fails a class she needs to pass she feels distressed. if she wanted to switch majors, she wont)
Zajonc argued that the way we feel about something requires no thought
Both are right. Lazarus talked about events that occur over time while Zajonc described single events.

Question 27

What are display rules?

Answer 27

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Question 27

What is the facial feedback hypothesis? What theory does it support and how.

Answer 27

Facial expressions can influence emotions and reflect them. Facial muscles send signals to the brain that help us to recognize the emotion we are experiencing.
Supports the James-Lange theory, emotional experiences can be generated by changes in and awareness of our own bodily states.

Question 28

What is the Valence of an emotion?

Answer 28

Refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant. Happiness, joy etc. are positively valence while sadness anger etc. are negatively valence

Question 29

What is the Negative and Positive affect? (emotions)

Answer 29

Negative affect refers to emotions such as anger, guilt and sadness
Positive affect refers emotions such as to joy, happiness and interest

Question 30

What is arousal level of an emotion (or activation level)?

Answer 30

the degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual’s being active, engaged, or exited versus passive, disengaged, or calm.

Question 31

What is the circumplex model of emotions?

Answer 31

Using the dimension of valence and arousal level to arrange emotional states. (jojo stand circle)

Question 32

What is the broaden-and-build model of positive emotion?

Answer 32

States that the function of positive emotions is to broaden the scope of attention and foster the building of resources.
The model begins with the influence of positive emotion of attention (when in good mood, more disposed to think outside the box)
The “building” part of the module comes in as positive mood signals that there is no threat in the environment, and we can explore without concern.

Question 33

Biological Factors in Happiness?

Answer 33

A substantial proportion of well-being differences among people can be explained by genes. There also may be a happiness set point.

Question 34

What does the term hedonic treadmill mean?

Answer 34

It captures the idea that any aspect of life that enhances one’s positive feelings is likely to do so for only a short time, as we adapt to life changes.