Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is motivation?
the force that moves people to behave, think and feel the way they do
What did the evolutionary theory of motivation emphasize on?
Instinct. it is the innate biological pattern of behavior (universal)
Motivation can be thought of through the constructs of drive and need. What do they mean?
Drive is an aroused state of tension that occurs because pf a physiological need (itch needs scratching)
Need is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation (need for water)
What is drive reduction theory? What is the goal of drive reduction?
As a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it. The goal is Homeostasis.
What is Optimal arousal theory
There should be a level of arousal that is ideal for facilitating goal attainment. (just enough arousal)
What is Yerkes-Dodson law?
Performance is better under conditions of moderate arousal rather than high or low. (too lethargic or cant concentrate)
What is Overlearning?
Learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic.
What does the hormone Cholecystokinin do? How does serotonin tie into this?
Helps starts the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals us to stop eating.
Serotonin is partly responsible for satiating the effect of CCK
What are the 3 chemical substances that play a role in hunger, eating and satiety?
Glucose: brain depends on sugar for energy. A set of sugar receptors in brain trigger hunger. Another set in liver store excess and release it into blood when needed. Liver signals when its sugar supply falls which triggers hunger.
Insulin: plays a role in glucose control. Consuming complex carbs makes insulin go up then down gradually, while eating simple sugars makes it go down sharply.
Leptin: decreases food intake and increases metabolism. It inhibits the production of a neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus that induces eating.
What 2 areas of the hypothalamus play a role in hunger?
Lateral: involved in stimulating eating (begins to eat when stimulated)
Ventromedial: reduces hunger and restricts eating when stimulated.
What is a set point in weight?
It is the weight maintained when the person doesn’t try losing or gaining weight. Determined by adipose cells (fat cells) in the body.
What is Anorexia nervosa?
It is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. It has the highest mortality rate.
What is Bulimia nervose?
Eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge eating pattern.
Binge eating disorder? Causes and treatment?
Characterized by recurrent episodes of eating more food in a short period of time than most people would eat and during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.
Genes play a role, so does dopamine. Can either be treated by promoting weight loss or addressing the psychological issues first.
What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs -> Safety -> Love and Belongingness -> Esteem -> Self-Actualization (the motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being
What is the self-determination theory?
There are 3 basic organismic needs
Competence: met when we feel that we are able to bring about desired outcomes.
-involves self-efficacy: belief that you have the competence to accomplish a given goal.
-and mastery: sense that you can gain skills and overcome obstacles.
Relatedness: the need to engage in warm relations with other people
Autonomy: the sense that we are in control of our own life
What is Self-regulation?
The process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives.
What are 2 things that are associated with particularly poor self-regulation?
Impulsivity: the tendency to act rashly
Procrastination: intentionally putting off actions on a goal.
What is Emotion?
Feeling that can involve physiological arousal (heart beating fast), conscious experience (feeling joy) and behavioral expression (a smile)
What are the effects of SNS and PNS arousal?
SNS: responsible for rapid reactions to threats (Increased blood pressure, faster heart rate, more rapid breathing and more efficient blood flow to the brain and major muscle) groups.
PNS: Calms the body and promotes maintenance and healing (drops heart rate, breathing slow and food digestion increases)
What is the James-Lange theory
Emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment (emotions occur after physiological reactions)
EX. you see a bull, you run, your aroused body then sends sensory messages to brain, emotion is perceived
What is the Cannon-Bard theory?
The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
State a couple of things that are linked with positive and negative emotions.
Positive: dopamine, endorphins. Norepinephrine functions in regulating arousal and anxiety. Limbic system INCLUDING AMYGDALAE
Negative: amygdalae play a central role in fear.
What are the 2 pathwats in the brain for fear?
Direct pathway: from thalamus to the amygdalae. (does not convey detailed information, but is faster)
Indirect pathway: thalamus through sensory cortex to the amygdalae.
What is the two-factor theory of emotion?
Emotion is determined by 2 factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. (we look to the external world for an explanation of why we are aroused)
What are Lazarus’ and Zajonc opinions on whether thinking or feeling comes first?
Lazarus believes that emotions that follow depend on appraisal (if a student fails a class she needs to pass she feels distressed. if she wanted to switch majors, she wont)
Zajonc argued that the way we feel about something requires no thought
Both are right. Lazarus talked about events that occur over time while Zajonc described single events.
What are display rules?
Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.
What is the facial feedback hypothesis? What theory does it support and how.
Facial expressions can influence emotions and reflect them. Facial muscles send signals to the brain that help us to recognize the emotion we are experiencing.
Supports the James-Lange theory, emotional experiences can be generated by changes in and awareness of our own bodily states.
What is the Valence of an emotion?
Refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant. Happiness, joy etc. are positively valence while sadness anger etc. are negatively valence
What is the Negative and Positive affect? (emotions)
Negative affect refers to emotions such as anger, guilt and sadness
Positive affect refers emotions such as to joy, happiness and interest
What is arousal level of an emotion (or activation level)?
the degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual’s being active, engaged, or exited versus passive, disengaged, or calm.
What is the circumplex model of emotions?
Using the dimension of valence and arousal level to arrange emotional states. (jojo stand circle)
What is the broaden-and-build model of positive emotion?
States that the function of positive emotions is to broaden the scope of attention and foster the building of resources.
The model begins with the influence of positive emotion of attention (when in good mood, more disposed to think outside the box)
The “building” part of the module comes in as positive mood signals that there is no threat in the environment, and we can explore without concern.
Biological Factors in Happiness?
A substantial proportion of well-being differences among people can be explained by genes. There also may be a happiness set point.
What does the term hedonic treadmill mean?
It captures the idea that any aspect of life that enhances one’s positive feelings is likely to do so for only a short time, as we adapt to life changes.
