Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is motivation?
the force that moves people to behave, think and feel the way they do
What did the evolutionary theory of motivation emphasize on?
Instinct. it is the innate biological pattern of behavior (universal)
Motivation can be thought of through the constructs of drive and need. What do they mean?
Drive is an aroused state of tension that occurs because pf a physiological need (itch needs scratching)
Need is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation (need for water)
What is drive reduction theory? What is the goal of drive reduction?
As a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it. The goal is Homeostasis.
What is Optimal arousal theory
There should be a level of arousal that is ideal for facilitating goal attainment. (just enough arousal)
What is Yerkes-Dodson law?
Performance is better under conditions of moderate arousal rather than high or low. (too lethargic or cant concentrate)
What is Overlearning?
Learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic.
What does the hormone Cholecystokinin do? How does serotonin tie into this?
Helps starts the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals us to stop eating.
Serotonin is partly responsible for satiating the effect of CCK
What are the 3 chemical substances that play a role in hunger, eating and satiety?
Glucose: brain depends on sugar for energy. A set of sugar receptors in brain trigger hunger. Another set in liver store excess and release it into blood when needed. Liver signals when its sugar supply falls which triggers hunger.
Insulin: plays a role in glucose control. Consuming complex carbs makes insulin go up then down gradually, while eating simple sugars makes it go down sharply.
Leptin: decreases food intake and increases metabolism. It inhibits the production of a neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus that induces eating.
What 2 areas of the hypothalamus play a role in hunger?
Lateral: involved in stimulating eating (begins to eat when stimulated)
Ventromedial: reduces hunger and restricts eating when stimulated.
What is a set point in weight?
It is the weight maintained when the person doesn’t try losing or gaining weight. Determined by adipose cells (fat cells) in the body.
What is Anorexia nervosa?
It is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. It has the highest mortality rate.
What is Bulimia nervose?
Eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge eating pattern.
Binge eating disorder? Causes and treatment?
Characterized by recurrent episodes of eating more food in a short period of time than most people would eat and during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.
Genes play a role, so does dopamine. Can either be treated by promoting weight loss or addressing the psychological issues first.
What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs -> Safety -> Love and Belongingness -> Esteem -> Self-Actualization (the motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being
What is the self-determination theory?
There are 3 basic organismic needs
Competence: met when we feel that we are able to bring about desired outcomes.
-involves self-efficacy: belief that you have the competence to accomplish a given goal.
-and mastery: sense that you can gain skills and overcome obstacles.
Relatedness: the need to engage in warm relations with other people
Autonomy: the sense that we are in control of our own life
What is Self-regulation?
The process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives.
What are 2 things that are associated with particularly poor self-regulation?
Impulsivity: the tendency to act rashly
Procrastination: intentionally putting off actions on a goal.
What is Emotion?
Feeling that can involve physiological arousal (heart beating fast), conscious experience (feeling joy) and behavioral expression (a smile)
What are the effects of SNS and PNS arousal?
SNS: responsible for rapid reactions to threats (Increased blood pressure, faster heart rate, more rapid breathing and more efficient blood flow to the brain and major muscle) groups.
PNS: Calms the body and promotes maintenance and healing (drops heart rate, breathing slow and food digestion increases)
What is the James-Lange theory
Emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment (emotions occur after physiological reactions)
EX. you see a bull, you run, your aroused body then sends sensory messages to brain, emotion is perceived
What is the Cannon-Bard theory?
The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
State a couple of things that are linked with positive and negative emotions.
Positive: dopamine, endorphins. Norepinephrine functions in regulating arousal and anxiety. Limbic system INCLUDING AMYGDALAE
Negative: amygdalae play a central role in fear.
What are the 2 pathwats in the brain for fear?
Direct pathway: from thalamus to the amygdalae. (does not convey detailed information, but is faster)
Indirect pathway: thalamus through sensory cortex to the amygdalae.
