Chapter 1.1 Flashcards
what shape is s orbitals
sphere shaped
what can determine an atomic orbitals preferred shape
there corresponding quantum numbers and the use of a wavelength
what do atomic orbitals represent
the area around the nucleus where the electrons are most likely to be
war is probability distribution
where the electrons are most likely to be
what shape are p orbitals
they are often referred to as dumbbell shaped
what is a nodal plane
it splits the orbitals into two differently phased lobes on either side of the nucleus
what is phase on a “p” orbital
it represents the sign of the function for that area (+/-)
what role does “phase” play in a p orbital
it plays a role in bonding
how many equal levels is there in “p” orbitals
3
in the p orbital how do the 3 levels line up to eachother
they are orthogonal (perpendicular with respect to eachother) and most viewed alighned with the coordinate axes
what rules arise from the quantum spin number and pauli exclusion principal
each orbital may hold a max of two spin-paired electrons
ie.. s orbials may hold up to 2 electrons and each 3p may hold up to 2 electrons
what is the pauli exclusion principal
no two electrons can have the same 4 quantnum numbers
what are the quantum numbers
the n, l, m1, ms
what order do electrons like to fill orbitals
in order of increasing energy
ie.. 1s, 2s, 2p
what is being degenerate
a set of orbital with exactly the same energies
can orbitals ever have the same energy levels
yes
ie.. 2px 2py 2pz
what are the two categories you can divide orbitals in systems into
valence and core orbitals
what is a core orbital
fully occupied orbitals of the lowest energy and electrons in them are core electrons
what are the characteristics of core electrons
they are low in energy (stable) and close to the nueclus
what are valence orbitals
they are high energy orbitals. orbitals can be vacant, semi occupied, and filled
what are some characteristics of valence orbitals
high in energy (less stable), and further from the nucleus
what kind of orbital is involves with chemical bonding and reactivity
valence orbitals
for the first few groups how does the number of valence e- correspond with the elements group number
valence e- = group #
what are the two primary forms of chemical bonding between atoms
ionic and covalent
how are valence orbitals distributed in an ionic bond
valence electrons are fully transferred from ones valence orbitals to anothers
when atoms gain or loose electrons how does that effect them
the loss of an electron makes that atom cationic and the gain of and electron makes the atom anionic
what are covalent bonds with positive and negative charges commonly referred to as
salts
what are covalent bonds
they are when two semi occupied valence orbitals overlap and combine to form a fully occupied molecular orbital
in a covalent bond situation how cant the bond between them be though of
two nuclei where the two electrons are being shared between them
