Chapter 1.1

Question 1

what shape is s orbitals

Answer 1

sphere shaped

Question 2

what can determine an atomic orbitals preferred shape

Answer 2

there corresponding quantum numbers and the use of a wavelength

Question 3

what do atomic orbitals represent

Answer 3

the area around the nucleus where the electrons are most likely to be

Question 4

war is probability distribution

Answer 4

where the electrons are most likely to be

Question 5

what shape are p orbitals

Answer 5

they are often referred to as dumbbell shaped

Question 6

what is a nodal plane

Answer 6

it splits the orbitals into two differently phased lobes on either side of the nucleus

Question 7

what is phase on a “p” orbital

Answer 7

it represents the sign of the function for that area (+/-)

Question 8

what role does “phase” play in a p orbital

Answer 8

it plays a role in bonding

Question 9

how many equal levels is there in “p” orbitals

Answer 9

3

Question 10

in the p orbital how do the 3 levels line up to eachother

Answer 10

they are orthogonal (perpendicular with respect to eachother) and most viewed alighned with the coordinate axes

Question 11

what rules arise from the quantum spin number and pauli exclusion principal

Answer 11

each orbital may hold a max of two spin-paired electrons
ie.. s orbials may hold up to 2 electrons and each 3p may hold up to 2 electrons

Question 12

what is the pauli exclusion principal

Answer 12

no two electrons can have the same 4 quantnum numbers

Question 13

what are the quantum numbers

Answer 13

the n, l, m1, ms

Question 14

what order do electrons like to fill orbitals

Answer 14

in order of increasing energy
ie.. 1s, 2s, 2p

Question 15

what is being degenerate

Answer 15

a set of orbital with exactly the same energies

Question 16

can orbitals ever have the same energy levels

Answer 16

yes
ie.. 2px 2py 2pz

Question 17

what are the two categories you can divide orbitals in systems into

Answer 17

valence and core orbitals

Question 18

what is a core orbital

Answer 18

fully occupied orbitals of the lowest energy and electrons in them are core electrons

Question 19

what are the characteristics of core electrons

Answer 19

they are low in energy (stable) and close to the nueclus

Question 20

what are valence orbitals

Answer 20

they are high energy orbitals. orbitals can be vacant, semi occupied, and filled

Question 21

what are some characteristics of valence orbitals

Answer 21

high in energy (less stable), and further from the nucleus

Question 22

what kind of orbital is involves with chemical bonding and reactivity

Answer 22

valence orbitals

Question 23

for the first few groups how does the number of valence e- correspond with the elements group number

Answer 23

valence e- = group #

Question 24

what are the two primary forms of chemical bonding between atoms

Answer 24

ionic and covalent

Question 25

how are valence orbitals distributed in an ionic bond

Answer 25

valence electrons are fully transferred from ones valence orbitals to anothers

Question 26

when atoms gain or loose electrons how does that effect them

Answer 26

the loss of an electron makes that atom cationic and the gain of and electron makes the atom anionic

Question 27

what are covalent bonds with positive and negative charges commonly referred to as

Answer 27

salts

Question 28

what are covalent bonds

Answer 28

they are when two semi occupied valence orbitals overlap and combine to form a fully occupied molecular orbital

Question 29

in a covalent bond situation how cant the bond between them be though of

Answer 29

two nuclei where the two electrons are being shared between them