Chapter 11 Flashcards
Minerals
In nutrition, elements needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate chemical reactions and body processes
- inorganic elements
- 20 needed by the body in small amounts
- maintain structure and regulate chemical reactions and body processes
- can combine with other Elena but retain identity
- not affected by heat, oxygen, acid
Major minerals
Minerals needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100mg/day or present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight
Ex: electrolytes sodium, chloride and potassium, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sulfur
Trace elements or trace minerals
Minerals required in the diet in amounts of 100mg or less per day or present in the body in amounts of 0.01% of body weight or less
-iron, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum
Phytic acid or phytate
A phosphorous-containing storage compound found in seeds and grains that can bind minerals and decrease their absorption
-limits body’s ability to absorb calcium, zinc, magnesium, and iron
Tannins
Substances found in tea and some grains that can bind minerals and decrease their absorption
Ex: can interfere with iron absorption
Oxalates
Organic acids found in spinach and other leafy green vegetables that can bind minerals and decrease their absorption
Ex: interfere with calcium and iron absorption
Cofactors
An inorganic ion or coenzyme required for enzyme activity
-many minerals serve as cofactors
- mineral combines with incomplete enzyme to form active enzyme
- Active ensure binds to the molecules involved in the chemical reaction and accelerated their transformation into the final products
- the final products are released, while the enzyme remains unchanged
Most abundant mineral in the body and its function
Calcium
- 1-2% of adult body weight
- structure to Bones and teeth
Osteoporosis
A bone disorder characterized by a decrease in bone mass, an increase in bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures
- 2M Canadians over age 50
- more women than men
- responsible for 80% of fractures in people over 60 years old
Parathyroid hormone
A hormone released by the parathyroid gland that acts to increase blood calcium levels
Only Function of this organ!! If not in take heart will stop
Calcitonin
A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that reduces blood calcium levels
Accretion
An accumulation by external addition; in the case of nutrition, the uptake and accumulation by the body of a nutrient
When calcium intake is not adequate, how does the body get calcium?
Reabsorbing calcium from bone!
Hydroxyapatite
A crystalline compound composed of calcium and phosphorous that is deposited in the protein matrix of bone to give it strength and rigidity
Two types of bone
Cortical/compact bone: dense, compact bone that makes up the sturdy outer surface layer of bones
Trabecular or spongy bone: the type of bone that forms the inner spongy lattice that lines the bone marrow cavity and supports the cortical shell
Bone remodelling
The process whereby bone is continuously broken down and reformed to allow for growth and maintenance
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Cells responsible for the deposition of bone
Large cells responsible for bone breakdown (reabsorbed bone)
Peak bone mass
The maximum bone density attained at any time in life, usually occurring in young adulthood
Age-related bone loss
The bone loss that occurs in both cortical and trabecular bone of men and women as they advance in age
Osteoporosis risk percentage
1/3 women
1/5 men
Post-menopausal bone loss
The accelerated bone loss that occurs in women for about 5 years after estrogen production decreases
Low intakes of vitamin ____ reduce calcium absorption and therefore increase risk of osteoporosis
D
Sources of phosphorous in food
Milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, cereals, eggs, nuts and fish
Phosphorous functions
- cell membrane
- material in DNA and RNA
- energy metabolism
- structural and regulatory roles
Phosphorous deficiency causes
Bone loss, weakness, loss of appetite
Rare
Magnesium function
Mineral that affects the metabolism of calcium, sodium and potassium, maintenance of bone structure
- cofactor for 300 enzymes
- regulates CV system
- necessary for generating energy from carbs, protein and lipids
- regulates calcium
- regulates blood pressure
- ATP structure stabilization which is important for energy release, nerve and muscle functioning, DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
- muscle relaxation and helps with sleep
Dietary sources of magnesium
- leafy greens
- nuts
- seeds
- bananas
- pumpkin seeds
- legumes
- germ and bran of whole grains
The active form of vitamin ____ enhances absorption of magnesium
D
As calcium in the diet increases, the absorption of magnesium ____
Decreases
Dietary sulfur is found in
Organic molecules such as the sulphur-containing amino acids in proteins and the sulphur-containing vitamins
Functions of sulphur in the body
Protein synthesis Detoxifying drugs Protecting cells from oxidative damage ATP production Regulate acid-base levels
Major minerals are divided into which 2 categories
Electrolytes
- sodium
- potassium
- chloride
Bone health
- calcium
- phosphorous
- magnesium
- sulfur
Minerals in our food
- from plant and animal sources
- affected by amount in soil, handling and processing (adding or removing), absorption and bioavailability (may be inhibited by substances in plants, other minerals and amount in body
If none in soil-none in food
Mineral bioavailability
- some minerals are easy to absorb (NA 100%), other not (Ca ~5%)
- ionic charge matters: Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu Block each other
- phytates
- Tannins
- octal yes
How are minerals expressed in the DRI
RDA, EAR, AI
-UL have been established because certain minerals can be toxic if taken in too high an amount
Mineral functions
- contribute to body structure
- regulate body processes
- regulate blood pressure
- regulate water balance
- regulate energy metabolism
- affect growth and development through their role in the expression of certain genes
- act as cofactors needed for enzyme activity
Where can you find minerals in diet
Veggies and fruit (Dark colours, gross underground in good soil)
Whole grains
Proteins!!!!!!!
Calcium
- 99% in bones and teeth
- remaining 1% found in intracellular fluid, blood, and extracellular fluid
- in body cells and fluids needed for muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, blood pressure regulation, cell communication, blood clotting
- levels regulated by hormones: too high: calcitonin “tones it down”, too low:PTH “try” to bring it up
How is calcium absorbed
Absorbed by active transport and passive diffusion depending on the availability of active vitamin D
- bioavailability decreases in the presence of tannins, fibre, phytates and oxalates
- 5-25% Ca absorbed. Depends on source. Milk lower than cooked kale!
Sources of calcium
-dairy products, dark green veggies, fish with bones
Deficiency and excess calcium
Osteoporosis
Caused by cancers, increase PTH, excessive calcium and or vitamin D intake causing altered availability of iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus; constipation, loss of appetite, abnormal heartbeat, weight loss, fatigue, frequent urination, soft tissue calcification, kidney stones and damage, heart attack
Source of calcium
Good source
Excellent source
> 5%
> 15%
> 25%
DV
Risks of osteoporosis
- women
- increase with age
- blacks at lower risk
- family member with it
- thin and light weight
- smoking
- not exercising
- alcohol abuse
- diet lacking in calcium
Phosphorous
- 1% of adult body
- 85% in bones and teeth
- more readily absorbed than calcium
Phosphorous excess
Toxicity is rare but can lead to bone reabsorption
Where is phosphorous in the body
-in soft tissues: needed for phospholipids, DNA, RNA, ATP structure, enzyme activity regulation, and cellular acidity maintenance
Where is phosphorous in our diet
Protein foods
-dairy, meat, bran, nuts
Where is magnesium
- 50-60% found in bone
- remaining present inside cells (second most abundant intercellular ion after potassium
Magnesium absorption
50% absorbed, likes vitamin D to help
-phytates, Ca supplements decrease absorption
What regulates magnesium
Kidneys
-too low=kidney reduces urine output
Deficiency of magnesium
Occurs especially in those with alcoholism, malnutrition, kidney and GI disease, or people taking diuretics
Causes osteoporosis, nausea, muscle weakness, and cramping, mental derangement, heart best changes
(Canadians do not get enough)
Magnesium toxicity
Magnesium toxicity is rare. Side effect is sleepiness (glycinate) or diarrhea (citrate)
No effects from food
You burn magnesium at the same rate as you ____
Stress
Sulfur sources
- Major mineral
- found in protein foods and sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamins
- also found in non food additives (not good source)-sulfur dioxide, sulfite
- sulfur containing amino acids (methionine, cysteine) needed for protein synthesis
- vitamins thiamin and biotin contain sulfur
Extends shelf life so in lots of processed foods
