Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals

A

In nutrition, elements needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate chemical reactions and body processes

  • inorganic elements
  • 20 needed by the body in small amounts
  • maintain structure and regulate chemical reactions and body processes
  • can combine with other Elena but retain identity
  • not affected by heat, oxygen, acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major minerals

A

Minerals needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100mg/day or present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight
Ex: electrolytes sodium, chloride and potassium, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Trace elements or trace minerals

A

Minerals required in the diet in amounts of 100mg or less per day or present in the body in amounts of 0.01% of body weight or less

-iron, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phytic acid or phytate

A

A phosphorous-containing storage compound found in seeds and grains that can bind minerals and decrease their absorption

-limits body’s ability to absorb calcium, zinc, magnesium, and iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tannins

A

Substances found in tea and some grains that can bind minerals and decrease their absorption
Ex: can interfere with iron absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oxalates

A

Organic acids found in spinach and other leafy green vegetables that can bind minerals and decrease their absorption
Ex: interfere with calcium and iron absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cofactors

A

An inorganic ion or coenzyme required for enzyme activity
-many minerals serve as cofactors

  1. mineral combines with incomplete enzyme to form active enzyme
  2. Active ensure binds to the molecules involved in the chemical reaction and accelerated their transformation into the final products
  3. the final products are released, while the enzyme remains unchanged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most abundant mineral in the body and its function

A

Calcium

  • 1-2% of adult body weight
  • structure to Bones and teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A bone disorder characterized by a decrease in bone mass, an increase in bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures

  • 2M Canadians over age 50
  • more women than men
  • responsible for 80% of fractures in people over 60 years old
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

A hormone released by the parathyroid gland that acts to increase blood calcium levels

Only Function of this organ!! If not in take heart will stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Calcitonin

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that reduces blood calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Accretion

A

An accumulation by external addition; in the case of nutrition, the uptake and accumulation by the body of a nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When calcium intake is not adequate, how does the body get calcium?

A

Reabsorbing calcium from bone!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

A crystalline compound composed of calcium and phosphorous that is deposited in the protein matrix of bone to give it strength and rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two types of bone

A

Cortical/compact bone: dense, compact bone that makes up the sturdy outer surface layer of bones

Trabecular or spongy bone: the type of bone that forms the inner spongy lattice that lines the bone marrow cavity and supports the cortical shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bone remodelling

A

The process whereby bone is continuously broken down and reformed to allow for growth and maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

A

Cells responsible for the deposition of bone

Large cells responsible for bone breakdown (reabsorbed bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Peak bone mass

A

The maximum bone density attained at any time in life, usually occurring in young adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Age-related bone loss

A

The bone loss that occurs in both cortical and trabecular bone of men and women as they advance in age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osteoporosis risk percentage

A

1/3 women

1/5 men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Post-menopausal bone loss

A

The accelerated bone loss that occurs in women for about 5 years after estrogen production decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Low intakes of vitamin ____ reduce calcium absorption and therefore increase risk of osteoporosis

A

D

23
Q

Sources of phosphorous in food

A

Milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, cereals, eggs, nuts and fish

24
Q

Phosphorous functions

A
  • cell membrane
  • material in DNA and RNA
  • energy metabolism
  • structural and regulatory roles
25
Q

Phosphorous deficiency causes

A

Bone loss, weakness, loss of appetite

Rare

26
Q

Magnesium function

A

Mineral that affects the metabolism of calcium, sodium and potassium, maintenance of bone structure

  • cofactor for 300 enzymes
  • regulates CV system
  • necessary for generating energy from carbs, protein and lipids
  • regulates calcium
  • regulates blood pressure
  • ATP structure stabilization which is important for energy release, nerve and muscle functioning, DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
  • muscle relaxation and helps with sleep
27
Q

Dietary sources of magnesium

A
  • leafy greens
  • nuts
  • seeds
  • bananas
  • pumpkin seeds
  • legumes
  • germ and bran of whole grains
28
Q

The active form of vitamin ____ enhances absorption of magnesium

A

D

29
Q

As calcium in the diet increases, the absorption of magnesium ____

A

Decreases

30
Q

Dietary sulfur is found in

A

Organic molecules such as the sulphur-containing amino acids in proteins and the sulphur-containing vitamins

31
Q

Functions of sulphur in the body

A 
Protein synthesis 
Detoxifying drugs 
Protecting cells from oxidative damage 
ATP production 
Regulate acid-base levels
32
Q

Major minerals are divided into which 2 categories

A

Electrolytes

  • sodium
  • potassium
  • chloride

Bone health

  • calcium
  • phosphorous
  • magnesium
  • sulfur
33
Q

Minerals in our food

A
  • from plant and animal sources
  • affected by amount in soil, handling and processing (adding or removing), absorption and bioavailability (may be inhibited by substances in plants, other minerals and amount in body

If none in soil-none in food

34
Q

Mineral bioavailability

A
  • some minerals are easy to absorb (NA 100%), other not (Ca ~5%)
  • ionic charge matters: Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu Block each other
  • phytates
  • Tannins
  • octal yes
35
Q

How are minerals expressed in the DRI

A

RDA, EAR, AI

-UL have been established because certain minerals can be toxic if taken in too high an amount

36
Q

Mineral functions

A
  • contribute to body structure
  • regulate body processes
  • regulate blood pressure
  • regulate water balance
  • regulate energy metabolism
  • affect growth and development through their role in the expression of certain genes
  • act as cofactors needed for enzyme activity
37
Q

Where can you find minerals in diet

A

Veggies and fruit (Dark colours, gross underground in good soil)

Whole grains

Proteins!!!!!!!

38
Q

Calcium

A
  • 99% in bones and teeth
  • remaining 1% found in intracellular fluid, blood, and extracellular fluid
  • in body cells and fluids needed for muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, blood pressure regulation, cell communication, blood clotting
  • levels regulated by hormones: too high: calcitonin “tones it down”, too low:PTH “try” to bring it up
39
Q

How is calcium absorbed

A

Absorbed by active transport and passive diffusion depending on the availability of active vitamin D

  • bioavailability decreases in the presence of tannins, fibre, phytates and oxalates
  • 5-25% Ca absorbed. Depends on source. Milk lower than cooked kale!
40
Q

Sources of calcium

A

-dairy products, dark green veggies, fish with bones

41
Q

Deficiency and excess calcium

A

Osteoporosis

Caused by cancers, increase PTH, excessive calcium and or vitamin D intake causing altered availability of iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus; constipation, loss of appetite, abnormal heartbeat, weight loss, fatigue, frequent urination, soft tissue calcification, kidney stones and damage, heart attack

42
Q

Source of calcium

Good source

Excellent source

A

> 5%

> 15%

> 25%

DV

43
Q

Risks of osteoporosis

A
  • women
  • increase with age
  • blacks at lower risk
  • family member with it
  • thin and light weight
  • smoking
  • not exercising
  • alcohol abuse
  • diet lacking in calcium
44
Q

Phosphorous

A
  • 1% of adult body
  • 85% in bones and teeth
  • more readily absorbed than calcium
45
Q

Phosphorous excess

A

Toxicity is rare but can lead to bone reabsorption

46
Q

Where is phosphorous in the body

A

-in soft tissues: needed for phospholipids, DNA, RNA, ATP structure, enzyme activity regulation, and cellular acidity maintenance

47
Q

Where is phosphorous in our diet

A

Protein foods

-dairy, meat, bran, nuts

48
Q

Where is magnesium

A
  • 50-60% found in bone

- remaining present inside cells (second most abundant intercellular ion after potassium

49
Q

Magnesium absorption

A

50% absorbed, likes vitamin D to help

-phytates, Ca supplements decrease absorption

50
Q

What regulates magnesium

A

Kidneys

-too low=kidney reduces urine output

51
Q

Deficiency of magnesium

A

Occurs especially in those with alcoholism, malnutrition, kidney and GI disease, or people taking diuretics

Causes osteoporosis, nausea, muscle weakness, and cramping, mental derangement, heart best changes

(Canadians do not get enough)

52
Q

Magnesium toxicity

A

Magnesium toxicity is rare. Side effect is sleepiness (glycinate) or diarrhea (citrate)

No effects from food

53
Q

You burn magnesium at the same rate as you ____

A

Stress

54
Q

Sulfur sources

A
  • Major mineral
  • found in protein foods and sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamins
  • also found in non food additives (not good source)-sulfur dioxide, sulfite
  • sulfur containing amino acids (methionine, cysteine) needed for protein synthesis
  • vitamins thiamin and biotin contain sulfur

Extends shelf life so in lots of processed foods

Nutrition (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions