Chapter 11

Question 1

trustworthiness

Answer 1

the extent to which a study produces legitimate knowledge

Question 2

authenticity

Answer 2

correspondence between the observation and the observed

Question 3

credibility

Answer 3

the extent to which the results of the analysis “fit” with the reality being depicted.

Question 4

portability

Answer 4

the extent to which a study’s results can be used to draw conclusions about other phenomena.

Question 5

transferability

Answer 5

refers to the extent to which researchers can export lessons from a study to draw conclusions about other cases

Question 6

Precision

Answer 6

the extent to which others can reach similar conclusions under similar circumstance

Question 7

Dependability

Answer 7

the extent to which the researcher has produced accurate results based on precise methods.

Question 8

impartial knowledge

Answer 8

findings based on evidence

Question 9

confirmability

Answer 9

“Can these findings be confirmed by another individual, independent of the original researcher’s predispositions?”

Question 10

open coding

Answer 10

the initial review of the raw material, where the researcher obtains a general sense of its major themes and records any noticeable patterns.

Question 11

CAQDAS

Answer 11

computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software, which are designed to assist researchers in coding, retrieving, storing, and analyzing qualitative data

Question 12

axial coding

Answer 12

when the researcher takes more detailed notes about the content found in the raw materials, categorizing specific phrases, events, or passages as belonging under the broad themes identified in stage one (open coding).

Question 13

tagging

Answer 13

the researcher highlighting important sections of a text, circling key parts of an image, or annotating important segments of a video.

Question 14

quantizing

Answer 14

buttressing their findings with reference to frequencies and other quantitative measures

Question 15

qualitize

Answer 15

contextualizing their findings with direct quotations from various documents or sources

Question 16

selective coding

Answer 16

the researcher verifying that all of the chunks really fit under the themes identified.

Question 17

in vivo coding

Answer 17

patterns named after manifest content in the texts.

Question 18

OCR

Answer 18

optical character recognition scanners designed to convert the text into digital/electronic format

Question 19

multi-method research or triangulation.

Answer 19

combine multiple research strategies in a single study or project

Question 20

Investigator triangulation

Answer 20

refers to the use of research teams, rather than individuals, to study and interpret events or phenomena.

Question 21

member checks

Answer 21

a process through which their inferences are verified by the subjects of their analysis.

Question 22

Closed coding

Answer 22

coding of each case based on a specific list of values.

Question 23

Codebook

Answer 23

developed to guide coding, an instrument that lists the elements of the text that will be observed (variables) and itemizes how they will be categorized (values).

Question 24

Coding sheet

Answer 24

a sheet on which coders can record the values for each case.

Question 25

Coding

Answer 25

the systematic categorization of different aspects of communication.

Question 26

Content analysis:

Answer 26

quantitative research technique used to analyze the message characteristics in any form of communication

Question 27

Critical discourse analysis (CDA)

Answer 27

an investigation of how discourses reflect, reproduce, and reinforce relationships of dominance.

Question 28

Discourse analysis:

Answer 28

a qualitative approach to analyzing texts that focuses on the meanings reflected in and created by discourses. `

Question 29

Discourse fragment:

Answer 29

the discourses or portions of discourses to be analyzed with discourse analysis

Question 30

Discourse plane

Answer 30

the societal places from which discourses emerge, such as politics, media, science, business, or everyday life.

Question 31

Discourses:

Answer 31

sets of ideas, images, symbols, and messages that, taken together, articulate a particular version of events

Question 32

Discourse strand

Answer 32

the coalescing of various discourse fragments into a uniform theme, such as racism, sexism, and neo-liberalism.

Question 33

Frames

Answer 33

patterns of selection, emphasis, and presentation that draw on familiar myths, themes, or cultural values to organize discourses.

Question 34

Intercoder reliability

Answer 34

: the extent to which different coders reach the same conclusions (i.e. assign the same values when coding); a high level of agreement indicates that the coding instrument is reliable.

Question 35

Latent content

Answer 35

the underlying or implied meaning of a message.

Question 36

Manifest content

Answer 36

the literal, or surface, meaning of the message.

Question 37

Narrative structures:

Answer 37

standard storylines or narrative devices used to create tension and keep an audience’s attention.

Question 38

Open coding

Answer 38

the first stage of qualitative data analysis, during which general patterns or themes are identified.

Question 39

Rhetorical devices

Answer 39

semantic techniques of persuasion, including irony, hyperbole, and metaphor

Question 40

Surface structures

Answer 40

elements such as the form, format, structure, and layout of the text

Question 41

Syntactical structures

Answer 41

the arrangements of words, symbols, or images in the text.

Question 42

Text

Answer 42

any form of communication (written, visual, spoken, etc.).

Question 43

Textual analysis:

Answer 43

the systematic examination of the messages and meanings conveyed by texts