Chapter 10 Vocab

Question 1

________ is a protein that is made by genetically engineered bacteria.

Answer 1

recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH)

Question 2

_______ involves using the instructions carried by a gene to build a particular protein.

Answer 2

Protein synthesis

Question 3

_______ is the basic building block of nucleic acids.

Answer 3

Nucleotides

Question 4

_____, like DNA, is a polymer of nucleotides.

Answer 4

RNA

Question 5

_____ is a sugar.

Answer 5

Ribose

Question 6

______ is producing the copy of the required gene.

Answer 6

Transcription

Question 7

_______ involves decoding the copied RNA sequence and producing the protein for which it codes.

Answer 7

Translation

Question 8

______ is the copying of a DNA gene into RNA.

Answer 8

Transcription

Question 9

The copy is synthesized by an enzyme called ____ ________.

Answer 9

RNA Polymerase

Question 10

To begin transcription, the RNA polymerase binds to a nucleotide sequence at the beginning of every gene, called the _________.

Answer 10

Promoter

Question 11

_______ carries the message of the gene that is to be expressed.

Answer 11

mRNA

Question 12

_____ are sub cellular, globular structures.

Answer 12

Ribosomes

Question 13

____ carry amino acids.

Answer 13

tRNA

Question 14

_______ which is wrapped around many different proteins.

Answer 14

rRNA

Question 15

As mRNA moves through the ribosome, small sequences of nucleotides are sequentially exposed. The sequences of mRNA are called _______.

Answer 15

Codons

Question 16

_______ complement a codon on mRNA.

Answer 16

anticodon

Question 17

Protein synthesis ends when a codon that does not code for an amino acids, called a ____ _____, moves through the ribosome.

Answer 17

stop codon

Question 18

The ______ _____ shows which mRNA codons code for which amino acids.

Answer 18

genetic code

Question 19

Changes to DNA sequence is called _______.

Answer 19

mutations

Question 20

Due to the redundancy of the genetic code, a mutation that changes the mRNA codon from, say, ACU to SCC will have no impact because both of these codons code for the amino acid threonine. This is an example of _________.

Answer 20

neutral mutation

Question 21

Changing the triplet groupings is called altering the ____ _____.

Answer 21

reading frame

Question 22

All nucleotides located after an insertion or deletion will be regrouped different codons, producing a ____ _____ _______.

Answer 22

Frame shift mutation

Question 23

______ ______ act like highly specific molecular scissors,

Answer 23

Restriction enzymes

Question 24

Most restriction enzymes cut DNA only at specific sequences called ______

Answer 24

palindromes

Question 25

A _____ ______ shoots metal-coated pellets covered with foreign DNA into plant cells.

Answer 25

gene gun

Question 26

Biological ______ a blend of the words pharmaceutical and farming, is the production of GMOs that produce drugs used to treat or prevent disease.

Answer 26

pharming

Question 27

____ cells are unspecialized or undifferentiated.

Answer 27

Stem

Question 28

_______ precursor cells that have not yet been programed to perform a specific function.

Answer 28

Undifferentiated

Question 29

_________ diseases, like liver and lung diseases, heart disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s start with the slow breakdown of an organ and progress to organ failure.

Answer 29

Degenerative

Question 30

Using stem cells to produce healthy tissues as replacements for damaged tissues is a type of ________ _________.

Answer 30

therapeutic cloning

Question 31

Scientists who try to replace defective human genes with functional genes are performing ____ ______.

Answer 31

Gene therapy

Question 32

____ _____ ____ _____, can be performed on body cells to fix or replace the defective protein in only the affected cell.

Answer 32

Somatic cell gene therapy

Question 33

One additional type of genetic engineering involves making an exact copy of an entire organism by a process called ________ ______.

Answer 33

Reproductive Cloning

Question 34

___ ______ involves taking the nucleus from an adult cell and fusing it with an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed.

Answer 34

nuclear transfer