Chapter 10 Test

Question 1

When did the sugar industry begin?

Answer 1

The middle of the nineteenth century

Question 2

True or False: Hawaiʻi’s climate was ideal for growing sugar

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What were the challenges of growing sugar?

Answer 3

Land for growing sugarcane was limited, rain didn’t always fall when and where it was needed, diseases and pests could attack sugarcane, growing and harvesting sugar cane required roads, harbors, and machinery; and government and labor tended to create problems rather then solve them.

Question 4

True or False: Sugar Plantation owners always worked together to solve sugar growing problems.

Answer 4

False. The owners tried to cope by themselves at first, but then got together to help each other.

Question 5

What organization was formed by sugar planters and when?

Answer 5

the Planters’ Labor and Supply Co in 1882. Later in 1895 it reorganized as the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association (HSPA).

Question 6

What did the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association do?

Answer 6

They started a laboratory in downtown Honolulu to design the best ways to make sugar successful and profitable. The following year it began planting sugar cane experimentally in Makiki, and in 1900, it moved the lab to Makiki too.

Question 7

What was one of Hawaiʻi’s greatest assets for growing sugarcane?

Answer 7

Water

Question 8

How did planters get water to the sugarcane when it didn’t get enough water from the rain?

Answer 8

They built elaborate systems of ditches and flumes (incline channels for carrying water).

Question 9

When was the “golden period” of plantation development?

Answer 9

1872-1932

Question 10

What was one pressing issue of sugar cane growth?

Answer 10

Limited supply of land. They concentrated on increasing the yields of what they planted.

Question 11

How did HSPA improve the sugar industry?

Answer 11

The experimental station with staff of chemists, entomologists (insect scientists), botanists (plant scientists), and engineers improved sugar production from field to mill. They designed new machinery/equipment, developed varieties of sugar cane that were higher in sugar content and more resistant to disease, studied the sugar cane soil, and destroyed or controlled plant diseases, insects, and rodents.

Question 12

How much water does each acre of sugar cane need?

Answer 12

5 million gallons of water during a two-year growing cycle or one ton (2,000 pounds) of water to produce one pound of sugar.

Question 13

Know the growth of sugar cane in the “golden period”.

Answer 13

In 1867 the estimated total land area used for plantations was 10,000 acres but by 1880, the number jumped to 22,000 acres.

Question 14

What was the cause of the growth of the sugar industry?

Answer 14

The nature of the industry itself. Complex systems of irrigation, massive machinery and equipment, and large-scale methods work better and bring bigger profits.

Question 15

Why was the sugar industry not doing well after 1866?

Answer 15

With the end of the Civil War (1861-1865), the high demand for Hawaiʻi’s sugar ended and prices dropped. A high tariff on sugar entering the U.S. made it difficult for Hawaiʻi’s sugar barons to sell their product.

Question 16

When was Hawaiʻi’s economic depression?

Answer 16

1866-1867

Question 17

What was the sugar grower’s solution to the economic depression?

Answer 17

End the high tariff on sugar

Question 18

What were the two solutions to end the high tariff on sugar? What was decided.

Answer 18

A reciprocity treaty with the U.S. that would allow sugar to be imported tariff-free or be annexed to the U.S. They settled on the reciprocity treaty.

Question 19

When did the Hawaiian government start proposing the reciprocity treaty to the U.S.?

Answer 19

As early as 1848 and again in 1852 but the U.S. had been unresponsive.

Question 20

What did American businessmen support during the time Hawaiʻi was proposing the reciprocity treaty?

Answer 20

Annexation. Some recognized Hawaiʻi’s strategic location could benefit the U.S. militarily and commercially. Other’s where dissatisfied with the rule of the monarchy. The most important reason was long term economic advantages annexation would bring for agriculture and commerce. Some even saw the reciprocity treaty as a transition to annexation.

Question 21

What happened during Lunalilo’s reign with the treaty?

Answer 21

It was proposed with Pearl Harbor as incentive, but strong opposition from Native Hawaiians made him withdraw the plan.

Question 22

When was the treaty successfully negotiated?

Answer 22

During Kalākaua’s reign in 1875.

Question 23

What was the argument against ratifying the treaty?

Answer 23

They said that removing the tariff would result in loss of income for the government. Southern senators declared that the treaty would hurt Southern sugar and rice producers.

Question 24

What was the argument of those ratifying for the treaty?

Answer 24

They said the strategic location of the islands would help protect the west coast of the United States military, they thought Hawaiʻi’s location would promote American commercial interests in the Pacific and Asia. Perhaps the most convincing argument was that if the U.S. rejected the treaty, Hawaiʻi, which in 1873 already exported more than a third of its sugar to Australia, New Zealand, and western Canada, would turn to British colonies for a similar treaty and become part of the British commercial system.

Question 25

What did the U.S. senate decide about the treaty?

Answer 25

They ratified the treaty and it went into effect in 1876.

Question 26

True or False: C.Brewer & Co., Ltd is the oldest of the Big Five

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Who was C.Brewer & Co., Ltd founded by?

Answer 27

James Hunnewell

Question 28

Who was James Hunnewell?

Answer 28

An officer on the ship that brought the first missionaries to Hawaiʻi in 1820

Question 29

How did James Hunnewell learn about Hawai’i?

Answer 29

He learned about it while collecting sandalwood from the kings and chiefs in payment for the newly purchased ship, Thaddeus.

Question 30

How and when did C.Brewer & Co., Ltd start?

Answer 30

James Hunnewell returned to Hawai’i as a trader with $3,000 worth of goods from the East Coast and in 1826 set up a trading firm. Captain Charles Brewer and James partnered up and gave the management it’s name.

Question 31

What did C.Brewer & Co., Ltd start out as and what did it become?

Answer 31

It started out as a store selling merchandise, marine hardware, and marine insurance. But as whaling declined, C. Brewer 2 (Captain Brewer’s nephew) turned to the sugar undustry.

Question 32

Who founded Theo. H. Davies & Co? When?

Answer 32

It was founded by R.C. Janion of Great Britain in 1845.

Question 33

What did Theo. H. Davies & Co start out as and what did it become?

Answer 33

The store started out acquiring several vessels and became an agent of cattle. In 1857 a young man named Theophilus H. Davies arrrived from England to become a clerk in the company. He later became a partner and eventually head of company in 1882, giving it the new name. By then the company had become affiliated with Hawaiian Stream Navigation Co and was branching out into sugar trade.

Question 34

Who founded American Factors Ltd? When?

Answer 34

It was founded by a foreign sailor/trader, German Captain H. Hackfeld. He founded a commercial house in 1849 that became an important sugar agent by the early 1900s. It was also a retailer and thriving business in shipping.

Question 35

What happened to Captain H. Hackfeld because he was German?

Answer 35

He was marked as an “enemy” interest under the Alien Property Custodian Act (it allowed the government to seize and sell property that was considered to be held by an enemy of the U.S). In 1918, the company was ordered to be sold to American interests. C. Brewer & Co, Alexander & Baldwin, Castle & Cooke, and a few other plantation owners bought the company for 7 million dollars. The name was changed to American Factors, Ltd., and the retail store to Liberty House.

Question 36

True or False: Castle & Cooke was the only factor NOT founded by missionaries

Answer 36

False. They were the only factors founded by missionaries.

Question 37

Who founded Castle & Cooke? When?

Answer 37

It was founded by Samuel N. Castle who was a supervisor in charge of distributing goods to missions in Hawai’i and Amos Starr Cooke who was a teacher. In 1850 when financial problems forced the American Board of Missionaries to ask the missionaries to seek other means of support. Castle and Cooke was formed in 1851.

Question 38

What did Castle & Cooke start out as? What did it become?

Answer 38

It started as a commercial house in 1851. Representing mainland firms, it sold sewing machines, farm tools, medicine, sugar machinery, and so on. By 1898 it was out of merchandising and entirely engaged in serving sugar companies as an agent.

Question 39

Know what made Alexander & Baldwin unique

Answer 39

It was the only one of the Big Five companies founded on sugar alone.

Question 40

Who was Alexander & Baldwin founded by?

Answer 40

It was founded by Samuel T. Alexander and Henry P. Baldwin (both sons of missionaries).

Question 41

How did Alexander & Baldwin start?

Answer 41

They first operated as Haiku Sugar Co. In 1969 they set out to solve the problem of insufficient water. They experimented with irrigation systems and constructed the Hamakua Ditch, completed in 1878.

Question 42

How did Alexander & Baldwin end up?

Answer 42

Castle & Cooke had been the agent for Alexander & Baldwin sugar from 1871 till 1894, when Alexander & Baldwin assumed the role of commercial agent in its own right.