Chapter 10 Tectonics, Earthquakes & Volcanism

Question 1

Topography

Answer 1

Studies shapes and features of Earth. “The Lay of the land”

Question 2

Earth’s Topography

Three orders of relief

Answer 2

1st Continents/Oceans
2nd Mountain ranges, plains,
lowlands, mid-ocean ridges
3rd Mountain, hill, cliff, valley

Question 3

Faults

Answer 3

Large scale fracture in lithosphere
Where movement occurs
Occurs at plate boundaries or within plates
Some faults active, others not

Question 4

Normal Faults

Answer 4

Cliff-steep landscapes

Question 5

Reverse/Thrust Faults

Answer 5

Creates mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes

Question 6

Strike-Slip Faults

Answer 6

Result from side-to-side motion

Question 7

Orogenesis

Answer 7

Birth of Mountains

Question 8

Oceanic and Continental Plates

Answer 8

Creates Pacific Coast Mountain Range compression causes crust to uplift and buckle.
Ex: Pacific Coast

Question 9

Oceanic and Oceanic Plates

Answer 9

Creates volcanic islands by creating a deep ocean trench forcing magma upward.
Ex: Southwestern Pacific to
Western Pacific

Question 10

Continental and Continental

Plates

Answer 10

Both plates are light forming large mountain ranges.

Ex: Himalayas

Question 11

When Earthquakes occur what happens?

Answer 11

Release of built-up energy caused by stress in rock
Occur when new faults are formed
Occur when existing faults move

Question 12

Focus

Answer 12

Location at which earthquake originates inside earth

Question 13

Epicenter

Answer 13

Location at the surface of the Earth that is directly above the focus

Question 14

Foreshock

Answer 14

Earthquake before main shock

Important for large earthquake forecasting

Question 15

Aftershock

Answer 15

Earthquake that occurs after main shock

Shares general area of epicenter

Question 16

Magnitude

Answer 16

The amount of ground shaking

Question 17

Earthquake Measurement

Answer 17

Moment Magnitude Scale
Formerly the Richter Scale
Each number represents 10 times increase of ground shaking

Question 18

Liquefaction

Answer 18

The conversion of unconsolidated

material into liquid state caused by movement, pressure, and presence of water

Question 19

San Francisco 1906

Answer 19

Most famous U.S. quake
- April 18th at 5:12am
- 7.9 magnitude
- 450-700 dead
- Fires caused more damage than quake
itself

Question 20

Tsunami

Answer 20

Seismic Sea Wave (not tidal)

- Caused by earthquakes at sea

Question 21

Volcanoes

Answer 21

Four types

• Composite (Stratovolcano)
• Shield
• Cinder Cone
• Dome

Question 22

Volcano Activity Categories

Answer 22

•Active
  - Erupted within recorded history
• Dormant
   - Evidence of activity, but not observed
• Extinct
   - No sign of activity
   - Severe erosion, well-developed soil, 
      lush vegetation

Question 23

Composite (Stratovolcano)

Answer 23

Largest Volcano
Violent, explosive eruptions
Layer of lava and tephra
Examples: Mt. St. Helen and Mt. Shasta

Question 24

Shield

Answer 24

Very Wide
Circular Exterior
Lava flows slowly in all directions
Effusive eruptions
Example: Hawaiian Islands

Question 25

Cinder Cone

Answer 25

Most Common type of volcano
Small, cone shaped hill
Low in elevation
Top formed cinders during eruption
Emits pyroclastic flow/cinder rock
Example: Northern Arizona

Question 26

Dome

Answer 26

Small to medium sized
Explosive eruptions
Composed of felstic lava
Cooling of lava creates cylinder shape
Slope created from erosion
Examples: Lassen Peak, Mono-Inyo Craters

Question 27

Earthquakes occur when

Answer 27

Faults form and move

Question 28

The San Andreas Fault is an example of

Answer 28

Strike-Slip fault