Chapter 10: Sleeping

Question 1

Stages of sleep

Answer 1

Stage one: transitions from wakefulness to drowsiness to sleep, drift in and out of awareness of surroundings, hypnagogic state, alpha waves
Stage two: truly sleeping but lightly, easily aroused, theta, sleep spindles
Stage three: moderately deep sleep, slow wave, need stages three and four to feel rested, large waves, delta.
Stage 4: very deep sleep

Question 2

Rapid eye movement (REM)

Answer 2

State in which the brain appears as if it is awake and in which is sleeper experiences dreams

Question 3

Sleep wake disorders

Answer 3

— dyssomnias: involve difficulties getting to sleep or staying asleep
— parasomnias: characterized by abnormal events that occur during sleep, such as nightmares and sleepwalking

Question 4

Evaluating sleep

Answer 4

— polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation: Assessment of sleep disorders in which a client sleeping in the lab is monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brainwave, and other functions
— electroencephalograph EEG: brainwave activity
— electrooculograph EOG: eye movements
— electromyograph EMG: muscle movements
— electro cardiogram ECG: heart activity
— daytime behaviour and typical sleep patterns are also noted

Question 5

Actigraph

Answer 5

Wrist watch size device which records the number of arm movements, the data can be downloaded onto a computer to determine the length and quality of sleep, useful in monitoring sleep in insomnia treatment outcome studies

Question 6

Sleep efficiency

Answer 6

Percentage of time actually spent sleeping, calculated by time spent sleeping divided by time in bed

Question 7

Daytime sequelae

Answer 7

One way to determine whether a person has a problem with sleep is to observe his or her behaviour while awake

Question 8

Microsleeps

Answer 8

Short, seconds-long periods of sleep that occur in people who have been deprived of sleep

Question 9

Fatal familial insomnia

Answer 9

He degenerative brain disorder, total lack of sleep that eventually leads to death

Question 10

Insomnia disorder

Answer 10

Condition in which insufficient sleep interferes with normal functioning
— occurs at least three nights per week and is present for at least three months
— episodic: symptoms last at least one month but less than three months; persistent: symptoms last three months or longer; recurrent: two or more episodes within the space of one year

Question 11

Hypersomnolence disorders

Answer 11

Sleep disfunction that involves excessive amount of sleep that disrupts normal routines
— excessive daytime sleepiness but getting proper amount of sleep during the night
— little research on the causes, genetic influences in some cases, a sub group of people with this disorder previous exposed to a viral infection such as mono, hepatitis, viral pneumonia pneumonia

Question 12

Narcolepsy

Answer 12

— daytime sleepiness and some people experience cataplexy
— cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle tone, it occurs while the person is awake, and can range from slight weakness in facial muscles to complete physical collapse, proceeded by strong emotion, caused my sudden onset of REM sleep
— genetic, autosomal recessive trait; cluster of genes on chromosome 6, research with Dobermans and labs who also inherit the disorder

Question 13

Sleep paralysis

Answer 13

Brief period after awakening when the person can’t move or speak

Question 14

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Answer 14

Vivid experiences that begin at the start of sleep and are said to be unbelievably realistic because they include not only visual aspects but also touch, hearing, and even the sensation of body movement

Question 15

Breathing related sleep disorders

Answer 15

Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, caused by breathing problems such as interrupted (apnea) or laboured (hypoventilation) breathing

Question 16

Sleep apnea

Answer 16

Three types of apnea include:

1. Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome: Occurs when airflow stops despite continued activity by the respiratory system, the airway may be too narrow, abnormality or damage may interfere with the ongoing effort to breathe, snoring is common, obesity, increasing age, mdma use, more common in men
2. Central sleep apnea: Involves the complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods and is often associated with certain central nervous system disorders, Wake up often but don’t report excessive daytime sleepiness so people tend not to seek treatment
3. Sleep related hypoventilation: what is a decrease in airflow without complete pause and breathing, tends to cause an increase in carbon dioxide levels because insufficient air is exchanged with the environment

Question 17

Circadian rhythm sleep wake disorders

Answer 17

Sleep disturbances resulting in sleepiness or insomnia caused by the bodies in ability to synchronized sleep patterns with the current pattern of day and night
— jet leg type, shift work type, delayed sleep phase, irregular sleep-wake type, 24 hour sleep-wake type.