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Disorders Across the Lifespan > Chapter 1: Abnormal Behaviour in Historical Context > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Abnormal Behaviour in Historical Context Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

a psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

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2
Q

Psychological Dysfunction

A

a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioural functioning.

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3
Q

Psychopathology

A

the scientific study of psychological disorders

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4
Q

Scientist-Practitioner Model

A

evidence-based practice: up-to-date on scientific developments.
practice-based evidence: evaluate own assessment or treatment procedures to see whether they work and to generate new knowledge.
conduct research: producing new information about disorders and their treatment.

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5
Q

Categories of the Study of Psychological Disorders

A
  1. Clinical description
  2. Causation (etiology)
  3. Treatment and outcome
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6
Q
  1. Clinical description (Presenting problem, prevalence, incidence, course, prognosis.)
A

Presenting problem: Complaint (what brought them in)
Prevalence: people in population with the disorder
Incidence: new cases within specific time period.
Course: Pattern of development and change of a disorder overtime (chronic episodic and time-limited)
Prognosis: predicted future development of a disorder over time.

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7
Q
  1. Causation (etiology)
A

Study of origins of a disorder

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8
Q
  1. Treatments and outcomes
A

Effects of a treatment could give hints about disorder

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9
Q

Supernatural Tradition

A

In the supernatural tradition, abnormal behaviours are attributed to agents outside human bodies. According to this model, abnormal behaviours are caused by demons, spirits, or the influences of the moon, planets, and stars.

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10
Q

Nicholas Oresme

A

Chief advisor to King Charles V. Oresme suggested that melancholy (depression) was the source of bizarre behaviour, not demons.

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11
Q

Stree and Melancholy

A

enlightened view during the 14th and 15th centuries that recognized depression and anxiety as illnesses that could be cured by rest, sleep, a happy and healthy environment, baths, ointments etc.

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12
Q

Possession

A

Treated with exorcism. If that failed, treated by making the hosts body uninhabitable by evil spirits, by confinement, beatings, other forms of torture, hanging over snake pits, dunking in ice water.

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13
Q

Paracelsus

A

Swiss physician suggested movements of the moon and stars had effects on people’s psychological functioning.
This theory inspired the word lunatic.

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14
Q

King Charles VI of France (The Mad King)

A

Was first treated by a physician whose treatment plan included rest, relaxation, recreation in a part of the country where the air was the cleanest - he started to get well.
Then he was treated by Arnaut Guilhelm who insisted the kings affliction was from sorcery, his treatments failed.

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15
Q

The Biological Tradition

A

psychological disorders are attributed to biological causes.

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16
Q

Hippocrates (460-377 BCE, Greek)

A

Father of modern medicine. Hippocratic Corpus states the psychological disorder could be treated like any other disease. Believed disorders could come from brain pathology and head trauma, genetics. Recognized family stress could contribute to psychopathology.

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17
Q

Galen (129-198 CE, Roman)

A

Adopted Hippocrates ideas.

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18
Q

Hippocratic-Galenic Approach

A

Humoral theory: normal brain function related to four bodily fluids or humors: blood (heart), black bile (spleen), yellow bile (liver), and phlegm (brain).

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19
Q

sanguine (red, like blood)

A

describes ruddy complexion and cheerful and optimistic attitude.

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20
Q

Melancholic

A

depressive personality (black bile flooding the brain).

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21
Q

Phlegmatic personality

A

apathy and sluggishness or calm under stress.

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22
Q

Choleric

A

hot-tempered.

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23
Q

Treatments for unbalanced humors

A

bloodletting: blood removed from the body with leaches.

inducing vomiting: eating tobacco and half-boiled cabbage.

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24
Q

Hysteria

A
  • Hippocrates coined the term.
  • Comes from Greek word for uterus.
  • Hysteria is what we now call somatic symptom disorders: one cannot find a physical cause for the physical symptoms one is experiencing.
  • Thought the disorder only occurred in women.
  • Presumed cause was a wandering uterus.
  • Treated with marriage, or fumigation of the vagina to lure uterus back.
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25
Q

Syphilis

A

19th century. Showed many that “madness” and associated cognitive symptoms could be traced to a curable infection.

  • led to general paresis and then death.
  • treated with malaria and penicillin.
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26
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

19th century. The germ theory of disease facilitated the identification of the bacterial micro-organism that caused syphilis.

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27
Q

John P. Grey

A

North American psychiatrist who championed the biological tradition.

  • believed insanity always had physical causes
  • mentally ill patients should be treated as physically ill
  • emphasized rest, diet, room temp, ventilation
  • under his leadership conditions in hospitals became more humane and livable.
  • ended up reducing interest in treating mentally ill patients because he thought mental disorders were due to undiscovered brain pathology and were incurable and could therefore only be hospitalized.
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28
Q

Shock Therapy (biological treatments - the 1900s)

A

Began as insulin shock therapy (Manfred Sakel)

  • use too much and can go into coma and die
  • Joseph Meduna treated schizophrenia with shock therapy
  • Italians, Carletti and Bini (1938) used 6 small shocks to treat a patient with depression.
  • Today is called electric shock therapy (ECT)
29
Q

Heinz Lehman (Psychiatrist)

A

In the 1950s, drugs were developed for severe psychotic disorders.
-Lehman introduced them to Canada

30
Q

Neuroleptics

A

Anti-psychotic drugs reduced delusions, hallucinations, aggression, and agitation.
-side effects of tremors and shaking (tardive dyskinesia)

31
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

treats anxiety

-In the 1970s most widely prescribed drugs

32
Q

Bromides

A

sedative, many side effects, not used anymore

33
Q

Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)

A

Father of modern psychiatry

  • little involvement in treatment as he thought disorders were due to brain pathology.
  • contributions in diagnosis and classification.
  • first to distinguish among various psychological disorders, seeing that each may have different age onset, course, clusters of symptoms, and cause.
34
Q

The Psychological Tradition

A

disorders are attributed to faulty psychological development and to social context.

35
Q

Moral Therapy

A

18th - 19th century: the psychosocial approach involved treating patients normally in a normal environment.
moral meaning emotional or psychological.
-individual attention
-originated as a system with Philippe Pinel
-16th-century institutions were deplorable
-rise of moral therapy in Europe and North America made institutions habitable and even therapeutic
-moral therapy works best when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer.

36
Q

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)

A

French psychiatrist, a pioneer in making mental institutions more humane.

  • took over a hospital from Pussin who was a former patient and instituted remarkable reforms, Pinel followed suit
  • La Bicetre and Salpetriere (women’s hospital) produced miraculous results
37
Q

William Tuke (1732-1822)

A

Brought moral therapy to England

38
Q

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)

A

founder of North American psychiatry

-brought moral therapy to the “new world”

39
Q

Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)

A

Started mental hygiene movement (19th century)

  • campaigned in US and Canada for reform in the treatment of people with mental illness.
  • involved in the development of asylums.
  • worked to ensure everyone who needed help would get it.
  • led to a substantial increase in patients and decline of moral therapy and transitioned to custodial care because of understaffing
40
Q

Clarence Hincks (1885-1964)

A

Crusader for mental hygiene movement in Canada.

41
Q

20th-century psychological tradition

A

Freud, Breuer: psychoanalysis
Anne Freud, Rogers, Adler, Erikson: revised psychoanalytic thought
Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner: behaviourism
Maslow, Rogers, Perls: humanistic

42
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

psychoanalytic assessment and therapy, emphasizes the exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts pioneered by Freud.

43
Q

Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)

A

Austrian physician

  • treated patients for “animal magnetism”
  • known as father of hypnosis
  • benjamin franklin debunked animal magnetism and concluded it was nothing more than suggestion
44
Q

Jean Charcot (1825-1893)

A

neurologist and head of Parisian hospital

  • legitimized hypnosis and demonstrated some techniques of mesmerism were effective with several psychological disorders
  • Freud was a student.
45
Q

Unconscious

A

Freud and Breuer

  • part of the psychic makeup that is outside the person’s awareness
  • one of the most important developments in the history of psyhcology
46
Q

Catharsis

A

Freud and Breuer

  • sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy
  • discovered that retelling and reliving emotional trauma can be therapeutic.
47
Q

psychoanalytic model

A
  1. the structure of the mind: id, ego, superego
  2. defence mechanisms
  3. stages of psychosocial developmentent
48
Q

Anna Freud (1895-1982)

A

Ego psychology

  • book called Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense
  • focused on the way defence reactions of the who determine our behaviour.
49
Q

Carl Jung and Alfred Adler

A
  • students of Freud but rejected his ideas
  • believed human nature is positive and people strive for self-actualization
  • believed removing barriers to internal and external growth would help people improve and flourish
  • Jung believed in setting goals, looking forward to the future, and reaching our fullest potential
  • Adler believed we reach our fullest potential when we contribute to others.
50
Q

Erik Erickson

A
  • psychosocial stages of development

- greatest contribution was his theory of development across the lifespan

51
Q

Aspects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy

A
  • free association: say whatever comes to mind without censor (content is related to unconscious conflicts)
  • dream analysis: the content of dreams (process of id) is related to symbolic aspects of unconscious conflicts.
  • psychoanalyst: therapist
  • transference: patients relate to the therapist as they did to important figures in childhood
52
Q

Humanistic Theory

A
  • developed from Jung and Adler philosophies
  • strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being
  • self-actualizing: people strive to reach highest potential against difficult life experiences
53
Q

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

A
  • hierarchy of needs

- cannot progress up the hierarchy until we have satisfied the needs at lower levels

54
Q

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

A
  • from point of view of therapy, most influential humanist.
  • originated person-centred therapy: client directs the course of therapy seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility
  • unconditional positive regard: complete acceptance of client’s feelings and actions
  • relationships are the single most positive influence in facilitating growth.
  • led to human potential movement in 60s and 70s
  • conducted work on how therapy works (psychotherapy process).
55
Q

Frederich Perls

A
  • gestalt therapy
  • focuses on people’s positive and creative potential
  • focuses on the present
  • develops awareness of desires and needs
  • uses “I language” and metaphor
56
Q

The behavioural model

A
  • explanations of human behaviour based on principles of learning and adaptation
  • brought more scientific approach
  • referred to today as cognitive-behavioural or social learning model (bandura)
57
Q

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

A
  • Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist
  • salvation response in dogs
  • type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response
58
Q

stimulus generalization

A

response generalized to similar stimuli

59
Q

extinction

A

learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases what that reinforcement or pairing is removed.

60
Q

Edward Titchener

A
  • emphasized the study of introspection
  • subjects reported their inner thoughts and feelings after experiencing certain stimuli
  • nonscientific
61
Q

John Watson (1878-1958)

A
  • American psychologist and founder of behaviourism
  • prediction and control of behaviour
  • developed behaviourism as an emperical science
62
Q

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner

A

-made an 11-month-old boy named Albert afraid of a fluffy white rat by combining the presentation of the rat with a loud noise.

63
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A
  • student of Watson’s
  • one of the first psychologists to use behavioural techniques to free a patient from a phobia
  • Peter, almost 3 years old, was afraid of furry objects.
64
Q 
Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997)
Systematic desensitization
A
  • South African psychiatrist
  • developed behavioural techniques for treating patients.
  • the best known is called: systematic desensitization: diminish excessive fears through gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping strategy, usually relaxation.
65
Q

Stanley J. Rachman

A
  • worked with Wolpe
  • called their approach behaviour therapy: scientific principles of psychology are applied to clinical problems.
  • moved to Canada (UBC)
  • behaviour therapy became popular in the 50s and 60s
66
Q

Operant Conditioning (B. F. Skinner 1904-1990)

A
  • influenced by Watson and Edward Thorndike
  • operant conditioning: behaviour operates on the environment and changes it in some way.
  • a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behaviour is modified by reinforcement or punishment.
67
Q

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

A

-best known for law of effect which states that behaviour is either strengthened (occur more often) or weakened (occur less often) depending on the consequences of that behaviour.

68
Q

Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning consequences for behaviour that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence; negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviours may result from the reinforcement, or the failure to reinforce desired behaviours.

69
Q

Shaping

A

In operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviours may be learned in this manner.

Disorders Across the Lifespan (5 decks)

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