CHAPTER 10 : prenatal development Flashcards
How does stress affect pregnant women?
Stress increases the level of corticotropin releasing hormone a processor of cortisol in early pregnancy. Elevated cortisol has been linked to premature deliveries
What is Gordons (2016) framework for NANDA?
- Concept of functional patterns and pattern interaction
- Depicts individual’s lifestyle
- Holism and totality of persons interaction with environment from
- foundation for health patterns
What are the 11 typology of Gordon’s functional health patterns?
1) Health perception (health management pattern)
2) Nutritional (metabolic pattern)
3) Elimination pattern
4) Activity (exercise pattern)
5) Cognitive (perceptual pattern)
6) Self-perception (self-concept pattern)
7) Roles (relationship pattern)
8) Sexuality (reproductive pattern)
9) Coping (stress tolerance pattern)
10) Values (beliefs pattern)
Describe the transtheoretical model and the stages of readiness to change
1) Precontemplation - not considering change
2) Contemplation - considering change
3) Planning and preparation - planning change
4) Action - implementing change
5) Maintenance - maintaining change
What are the 3 trimesters of pregnancy?
1) Germinal
2) Embryonic
3) Fetal
When does the germination period ends?
When the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall
Define blastocyst and trophoblast
1) Blastocyst: inner mass of cells that develop during the germinal period. These cells are what later develop into the embryo
2) Trophoblast: the outer layer of cells that develop in the germinal period to provide nutrition and support for embryo
Describe the Embryonic trimester of pregnancy?
@ 16 weeks
- Strong heartbeats
- Downy hair covers body
- Coordinated movements
Organogenesis occurs which is organ formation during the first 2 months of prenatal development
Describe the Fetal trimester of pregnancy?
@ 28 weeks
- Adding body fat
- Very active
Rudimentary breathing
What forms the placenta?
Trophoblast
What is the most dangerous stage?
Embryotic stage
What do we give pregnant moms to reduce neural tubules defects and its dose?
Folic acid @ 400mcg (about 0.4mg)
What are some presumptive, probably and positive pregnancy signs?
1) Presumptive: nausea, frequent urinating
2) Probable: Enlarged uterus, positive HCG in urine or blood
3) Positive: detection fetal heart
What is fetal heart rate?
Up to 160. if its less than 100 baby is in danger
Describe the 3 stages of the birth process
1) The cervix relaxes causing it to dilate and thin out. It dilates to about 10cm
2) Uterine contractions increase in strength and the infant is delivered. Baby’s head actually comes out of the cervix and birth canal
3)The placenta is expelled
What is the average time women are in labour?
18hrs
What hormones are secreted when the transition from fetus to newborn occurs?
Adrenalin and noradrenalin
Define anoxia
Insufficient supply of oxygen for baby during birth, can cause brain damage
Define vernix caseosa
Protective grease consisting of fatty secretions and dead cells, thought to protect the baby’s skin against heat loss before and during birth
What is the Apgar scale?
Used to assess the health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth which evaluates
1) Appearance: body colour
2) Pulse: heart rate
3) Grimace: reflex and irritability
4) Activity: muscle tone
5) Respirations: respiratory effort
Which score is normal for Apgar?
Greater than 7
What vaccines can you not receive when pregnant? And why?
Because they are live
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Polio
Define toxoplasmosis
- Exposure: undercooked meat, cat feces and infected soil
- Maternal symptoms: flu-like, upper respiratory infection
- Prevention: handwashing and avoiding raw meat and cat feces
What is high nicotine levels related to in pregnant mothers?
Hyperactivity disorder at 5-16 years old
