CHAPTER 10 : prenatal development

Question 1

How does stress affect pregnant women?

Answer 1

Stress increases the level of corticotropin releasing hormone a processor of cortisol in early pregnancy. Elevated cortisol has been linked to premature deliveries

Question 2

What is Gordons (2016) framework for NANDA?

Answer 2

• Concept of functional patterns and pattern interaction
• Depicts individual’s lifestyle
• Holism and totality of persons interaction with environment from
• foundation for health patterns

Question 3

What are the 11 typology of Gordon’s functional health patterns?

Answer 3

1) Health perception (health management pattern)
2) Nutritional (metabolic pattern)
3) Elimination pattern
4) Activity (exercise pattern)
5) Cognitive (perceptual pattern)
6) Self-perception (self-concept pattern)
7) Roles (relationship pattern)
8) Sexuality (reproductive pattern)
9) Coping (stress tolerance pattern)
10) Values (beliefs pattern)

Question 4

Describe the transtheoretical model and the stages of readiness to change

Answer 4

1) Precontemplation - not considering change
2) Contemplation - considering change
3) Planning and preparation - planning change
4) Action - implementing change
5) Maintenance - maintaining change

Question 5

What are the 3 trimesters of pregnancy?

Answer 5

1) Germinal
2) Embryonic
3) Fetal

Question 6

When does the germination period ends?

Answer 6

When the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall

Question 7

Define blastocyst and trophoblast

Answer 7

1) Blastocyst: inner mass of cells that develop during the germinal period. These cells are what later develop into the embryo

2) Trophoblast: the outer layer of cells that develop in the germinal period to provide nutrition and support for embryo

Question 8

Describe the Embryonic trimester of pregnancy?

Answer 8

@ 16 weeks
- Strong heartbeats
- Downy hair covers body
- Coordinated movements

Organogenesis occurs which is organ formation during the first 2 months of prenatal development

Question 9

Describe the Fetal trimester of pregnancy?

Answer 9

@ 28 weeks
- Adding body fat
- Very active
Rudimentary breathing

Question 10

What forms the placenta?

Answer 10

Trophoblast

Question 11

What is the most dangerous stage?

Answer 11

Embryotic stage

Question 12

What do we give pregnant moms to reduce neural tubules defects and its dose?

Answer 12

Folic acid @ 400mcg (about 0.4mg)

Question 13

What are some presumptive, probably and positive pregnancy signs?

Answer 13

1) Presumptive: nausea, frequent urinating
2) Probable: Enlarged uterus, positive HCG in urine or blood
3) Positive: detection fetal heart

Question 14

What is fetal heart rate?

Answer 14

Up to 160. if its less than 100 baby is in danger

Question 15

Describe the 3 stages of the birth process

Answer 15

1) The cervix relaxes causing it to dilate and thin out. It dilates to about 10cm
2) Uterine contractions increase in strength and the infant is delivered. Baby’s head actually comes out of the cervix and birth canal
3)The placenta is expelled

Question 16

What is the average time women are in labour?

Answer 16

18hrs

Question 17

What hormones are secreted when the transition from fetus to newborn occurs?

Answer 17

Adrenalin and noradrenalin

Question 18

Define anoxia

Answer 18

Insufficient supply of oxygen for baby during birth, can cause brain damage

Question 19

Define vernix caseosa

Answer 19

Protective grease consisting of fatty secretions and dead cells, thought to protect the baby’s skin against heat loss before and during birth

Question 20

What is the Apgar scale?

Answer 20

Used to assess the health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth which evaluates
1) Appearance: body colour
2) Pulse: heart rate
3) Grimace: reflex and irritability
4) Activity: muscle tone
5) Respirations: respiratory effort

Question 21

Which score is normal for Apgar?

Answer 21

Greater than 7

Question 22

What vaccines can you not receive when pregnant? And why?

Answer 22

Because they are live
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Polio

Question 23

Define toxoplasmosis

Answer 23

• Exposure: undercooked meat, cat feces and infected soil
• Maternal symptoms: flu-like, upper respiratory infection
• Prevention: handwashing and avoiding raw meat and cat feces

Question 24

What is high nicotine levels related to in pregnant mothers?

Answer 24

Hyperactivity disorder at 5-16 years old

Question 25

What is high cocaine levels related to in pregnant mothers?

Answer 25

Linked to impaired motor development at 2 years of age and to a slower rate of growth through 10 years age.

Question 26

Why do we not trust cocaine studies and don’t use them for interpretation?

Answer 26

Because cocaine use is often accompanied by other confounding maternal factors such as cigarette smoking, other drug use or socioeconomic status.

Question 27

How does alcohol affect mothers?

Answer 27

Manifests as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder which is characterises by a number of physical abnormalities and learning problems

Question 28

What is know about the interaction of herbal vs other medications?

Answer 28

little is known

Question 29

What is the nurses role for over the counter drugs?

Answer 29

1) Teaching on known or probable effects of medications
2) Include discussion on herbal medications
3) Understand that little is known about effects or interactions among herbals and other medications

Question 30

How does stress affect pregnant women?

Answer 30

Stress increases the level of corticotropin releasing hormone a processor of cortisol in early pregnancy. Elevated cortisol has been linked to premature deliveries

Question 31

What are levels of culture?

Answer 31

1) Primary level: rules known and obeyed by all
2) Secondary level: rules not relayed to outsiders (taboos, rituals)
3) Tertiary level: visible to outsiders (dress, foods, religion)

Question 32

What policy allows new parents time off work?

Answer 32

The Canadian labour code

Question 33

What are the health services and delivery systems available?

Answer 33

1) Medical based (OB or GP)
2) Health promotion (NP or midwife)
3) Doula

Question 34

What are the health services and delivery systems available?

Answer 34

1) Medical based (OB or GP)
2) Health promotion (NP or midwife)
3) Doulaw

Question 35

what is teratogenic?

Answer 35

chemical agents in thinks like fruit such as pesticides or herbicides or mercy in fish. there aren’t too much evidence on what this actually does to the fetus