Chapter 10-Muscles Flashcards
Mouth Region
s
Buccinator
Origin: alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible opposite the molar teeth
Insertion: blens into fibers of orbicularis oris
Action: compresses cheeks
Innervation: Facial Nerve (N 8)
Mentalis
Origin: incisive fossa of mandible
Insertion: skin of chin
Action: elevates, everts and protrudes lower lip
Orbicularis Oris
Origin: Maxila and mandible
Insertion: Lips
Action: compresses, purses lips
Risorius
Origin: fascia surrounding parotid salivary gland
Insertion: angle of mouth
Action: Draws corner of mouth laterally
Zygomaticus Major
Origin: zygomatic bone near the zygomaticotemporal suture
I: angle of mouth
A: elevates corner of mouth and draws it laterally
Eye
s
Orbicularis Oculi
Origin: Medial margin of orbit
Insertion: skin around eyelids
Action: closes eye
Innervation: facial nerve (N 7)
Scalp
s
Occipitofrontalis: frontal belly
Origin:epicranial aponeurosis
Insertion: Skin of eyebrow and bridge of nose
Action: raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
Occipitofrontalis: occipital belly
Origin: superior nuchal line and adjacent region of mastoid portion of the temporal bone
Insertion: epicranial aponeurosis
Action: tenses and retracts scalp
Temporoparietalis
Origin: fascia around external ear
Insertion: epicranial aponeurosis
Action: tenses scalp, moves auricle of ear
Muscles of Mastication
s
Masseter
Origin: zygomatic arch
Insertion: lateral surface and angle of mandibular ramus
Action: elevates mandible and closes jaws; assists in protracting and retracting mandible and moving mandible side to side
Innervation: trigeminal nerve (N 5), mandibular branch
Temporalis
Origin: along temporal lines of skull
Insertion: coronoid process of mandible and the anterior border of the mandibular ramus
Action: along temporal lines of skull
Anterior muscles of neck
s
Digastric
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: depresses mandible, opening mouth, and/or elevates larynx
Digastric: anterior belly
origin: from inferior surface of mandible at chin
Insertion: hyoid bone
action: presses mandible, opening mouth, and/or elevates larynx
innervation: trigeminal nerve (N 5), mandibular branch
digastric; posterior belly
origin: from mastoid region of temporal bone
insertion: hyoid bone
action: depresses mandible, opening mouth, and/or elevates larynx
innervation: facial nerve (N 7)
Geniohyoid
Origin: medial surface of mandible at chin
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: as above and retracts hyoid bone
mylohyoid
origin: mylohyoid line of mandible
insertion: median connective tissue band that runs to hyoid bone
action: elevates floor or mouth, elevates hyoid bone, and/or depresses mandible
sternohyoid
origin: clavicle and manubrium
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: depresses hyoid bone and larynx
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves C1-C3
sternothyroid
origin: dorsal surface of manubrium and first costal cartilage
insertion: thyroid cartilage of larynx
action: depresses hyoid bone and larynx
sternocleidomastoid: clavicular head
origin: attaches to sternal end of clavical
insertion: mastoid region of skull and lateral portion of superior nuchal line
Action: together, they flex the neck; alone one side bends neck toward shoulder and turns face to opposite side
sternocleidomastoid: sternal head
origin: attaches to sternal end of clavicle
Insertion: mastoid region of skull and lateral portion of superior nuchal line
Action: together, they flex the neck; alone one side bends neck toward shoulder and turns face to opposite side
Thyrohyoid
origin: thyroid cartilage of larynx
Insertion: hyoid bone
action: elevates larynx, depresses hyoid bone
OBLIQUE GROUP
s
Thoracic region
external intercostals, internal intercostals
external intercostals
origin: inferior border of each rib
insertion: superior border of more inferior rib
Action: elevate ribs
Innervation: intercostal nerves (branches of thoracic spinal nerves)
internal intercostals
origin: superior border of each rib
insertion: inferior border of the more superior rib
action: depress ribs
Serratus posterior: inferior
origin: aponeurosis from spinous processes of T10-L3
insertion: inferior borders of ribs 9-12
action: pulls ribs inferiorly; also pulls outward, opposing diaphragm
Abdominal region
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominus
external oblique
origin: external and inferior borders of ribs 5-12
insertion: external oblique aponeuroses extending to linea alba and iliac crest
action: compresses abdomen; depresses ribs; flexes, laterally flexes, or rotates vertebral column to opposite side
internal oblique
origin: thoracolumbar fascia, inguinal ligament, iliac crest
insertion: inferior surfaces of ribs 9-12, costal cartilages 8-10, linea alba, pubis
action: compresses abdomen; depresses ribs; flexes, laterally flexes, or rotates vertebral column to same side
transversus abdominus
origin: cartilages of ribs 6-12, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia
insertion: linea alba and pubis
action: compresses abdomen
RECTUS GROUP
S
Diaphragm
origin: xiphoid process, ribs 7-12 and associated costal cartilages, and anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae
insertion: central tendinous sheet
action: contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity
innervation: phrenic nerves (C3-C5)
Rectus Abdominus
origin: superior surface of pubis around symphysis
insertion: inferior surfaces of cartilages (ribs 5-7) and xiphoid process of sternum
action: depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
Pectoralis Minor
Origin: anterior surfaces and superior margins of ribs 3-5 or 2-4 and the fascia covering the associated external intercostal muscles
Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula
Action: depresses and protracts shoulder; rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves inferiorly (downward rotation); elevates ribs if scapula is stationary
Rhomboid major
origin: ligamentum nuchae and the spinous processes of vertebrae T2 to T5
Insertion: vertebral border of scapula from spine to inferior angle
Action: adducts and performs downward rotation of the scapula
Rhomboid minor
origin: spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T1
Insertion: vertebral border of scapula
Action: adducts and performs downward rotation of the scapula
Serratus Anterior
origin: anterior and superior margins of ribs 1-8, 1-9, or 1-10
Insertion:anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula
Action: protracts shoulder; rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves superiorly (upward rotation)
Subclavius
Origin: first rib
Insertion: Clavicle (inferior border of middle 1/3)
Action: Depresses and protracts shoulder
Trapezius
origin: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: clavicle and scapula (acromion and scapular spine)
Action: depends on active region and state of other muscles; may elevate, retract, depress, or rotate scapula upward and/or clavicle; can also extend neck when the position of the shoulder is fixed
muscles that position the pectoral girdle
pectoralis minor rhomboid major rhomboid minor serratus anterior subclavius trapezius
muscles that move the arm
s
coracobrachialis
origin: coracoid process
insertion: medial margin of shaft of humerus
action: adduction and flexion at shoulder
deltoid
origin: clavicle and scapula (acromion and adjacent scapular spine)
insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
action: whole muscle: abduction of shoulder; anterior part: flexion and medial rotation of humerus; posterior part: extension and lateral rotation of humerus
innervation: axillary nerve (C5-C7)
supraspinatus
Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
action: abduction at shoulder
insertion: suprascapular nerve (C5)
infraspinatus
origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
action: lateral rotation at shoulder
subscapularis
origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
action: medial rotation at shoulder
teres major
origin: inferior angle of scapula
insertion: medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
action: extension and medial rotation at shoulder
teres minor
origin: lateral border of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
action: lateral rotation and adduction at shoulder
latissimus dorsi
origin: spinous processes of inferior thoracic and all lubar and sacral vertebrae, ribs 8-12, and thoracolumbar fascia
insertion: floor of intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder
pectoralis major
origin: cartilages or ribs 2-6, body of sternum, and inferior, medial portion of clavicle
insertion: crest of greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
action: flexion, adduction, medial rotation at shoulder
innervation: pectoral nerves (C5-T1)
muscles that move the forearm and hand
s
action at the elbow, flexors
s
biceps brachii
origin:
- short head from the coracoid process
- long head from the supraglenoid tubercle (on scapula)
insertion: radial tuberosity
action: flexion at elbow and shoulder, supination
innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)
brachialis
origin: distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus
insertion: ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process
action: flexion at elbow
brachioradialis
origin: ridge superior to the lateral epicondyle of humerus
insertion: lateral aspect of styloid process of radius
action: flexion at elbow
action at the elbow, extensors
s
anconeus
origin: posterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus
insertion: lateral margin of olecranon and ulnar shaft
action: extension at elbow
triceps brachii: lateral head
origin: superior, lateral margin of humerus
insertion: olecranon of ulna
action: extension at elbow
innervation: radial nerve (C6-C8)
triceps brachii: long head
origin: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
insertion: olecranon of ulna
action: extension at elbow and extension/adduction at shoulder
innervation: radial nerve (C6-C8)
triceps brachii: medial head
origin: posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
insertion: olecranon of ulna
action: extension at elbow
innervation: radial nerve (C6-C8)
action at the wrist, flexors
s
flexor carpi radialis
origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
insertion: bases of second and third metacarpal bones
action: flexion and abduction at wrist
flexor carpi ulnaris
origin: medial epicondyle of humerus; adjacent medial surface of olecranon and anteromedial portion of ulna
insertion: pisiform, hamate, and base of fifth metacarpal bone
action: flexion and adduction at wrist
innervation: ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
palmaris longus
origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
insertion: palmar aponeurosis and flecor retinaculum
action: flexion at wrist
action at the wrist, extensors
s
extensor carpi radialis longus
origin: lateral spracondylar ridge of humerus
insertion: base of second metacarpal bone
action: extension and abduction at wrist
innervation: radial nerve (C6-C7)
extensor carpi radialis brevis
origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
insertion: base of third metacarpal bone
action: extension and abduction at wrist
extensor carpi ulnaris
origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus; adjacent dorsal surface of ulna
insertion: base of fifth metacarpal bone
action: extension and adduction at wrist
action at the elbow, pronators/supinators
s
pronator teres
origin: medial epicondyle of humerus and cornoid process of ulna
insertion: middle of lateral surface of radius
action: pronates forearm and hand by medial rotation of radius at radioulnar joints and flexion of elbow
supinator
origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and ridge near radial notch of ulna
insertion: anterolateral surface of radius distal to the radial tuberosity
action: supinates forearm and hand by lateral rotation of radius at radioulnar joints
muscles that move the hand and fingers
s
extensor digitorum
origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
insertion: posterior surfaces of the phalanges, digits 2-5
A: extension at finger joints and wrist
flexor digitorum superficialis
O: medial epicondyle of humerus; coronoid process of ulna and adjacent anterior surfaces of ulna and radius
I: to bases of middle phalanges of digits 2-5
A: flexiion at proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and wrist joints
I: median nerve (C7-T1)
flexor digitorum profundus
O: medial and posterior surfaces of ulna, medial surfaces of coronoid process, and interosseous membrane
I: bases of distal phalanges of digits 2-5
A: flexion at distal interphalangeal joints, and to a lesser degree, proximal interphalangeal joints and wrist
flexor pollicis longus
O: anterior shaft of radius, interosseous membrane
I: base of distal phalanx of thumb
A: flexion at joints of thumb
Muscles that move the thigh: gluteal group
s
Gluteus Maxiumus
O: iliac crest, posterior gluteal line, and lateral surface of ilium; sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar facia
I: iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur
A: extension and lateral rotation at hip; helps stabiliza the extended knee; abduction at the hip (superior fibers only)
I: inferior gluteal nerve: (L5-S2)
gluteus medius
O: anterior iliac crest, lateral surface of ilium between posterior and anterior gluteal lines
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: abduction and medial rotation at hip
gluteus minimus
O: lateral surface of ilium between inferior and anterior gluteal lines
I: greater trochanter of feumr
A: abduction and medial rotation at hip
tensor fasciae latae
O: iliac crest and lateral surface of anterior superior iliac spine
I: iliotibial tract
A: abduction and medial rotation at hip; extension and lateral rotation at knee; tenses fasciae latae, which laterally supports the knee
lateral rotator group of muscles that move thigh
s
quadratus femoris
O: lateral border of ischial tuberosity
I: intertrochanteric crest of femur
A: lateral rotation of hip
piriformis
O: anterolateral surface of sacrum
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: lateral rotation and abduction of hip; help to maintain stability and integrity of the hip
adductor group of hip muscles
s
adductor longus
O:inferior ramus of pubis, anterior to adductor brevis
I: linea aspera of femur
A: adduction, flexion, and medial rotation at hip
gracilis
O: inferior ramus of pubis
I: medial surface of tibia inferior to medial condule
A: flexion and medial rotation at knee; adduction and medial rotation at hip
I: obturator nerve (L3-L4)
iliopoas group of hip muscles
s
iliacus
O: iliac fossa
I: femur distal to lesser trochanter; tendon fused with that of psoas major
A: flexion at hip and/or lumbar intervertebral joints
muscles that move the leg: flexors of the knee
s
biceps femoris
O: ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur
I: head of fibula, lateral condule of tibia
A: flexion at knee; extension and lateral rotation at hip
semimembranosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: posterior surface of medial condule of tibia
A: flexion at knee; extension and medial rotation at hip
I: sciatic nerve (tibial portion, L5-S2)
semitendanosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: proximal, medial surface of tibia near tibial tuberosity
A: flexion at knee; extension and medial rotation at hip
sartorius
O: anterior superior iliac spine
I: medial surface of tibia near tibial tuberosity
A: flexion at knee; abduction, flexion, and lateral rotation at hip
I: femoral nerve (L2-L3)
popliteus
O: lateral condyle of femur
I: posterior surface of proximal tibial shaft
A: medial rotation of tibia (or lateral rotation of femur) at knee; flexion at knee
Extensors of the knee
s
rectus femoris
O: anterior inferior iliac spine and superior acetabular rim of ilium
I: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella, and patellar ligament
A: extension at knee; flexion at hip
I: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
vastus intermedius
O: anterolateral surface of femur and linea asperal (distal half)
I: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella and patellar ligament
A: extension at knee
vastus lateralis
O: anterior and inferior to greater trochanter of femur and along linea aspera (proximal half)
I: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella and patellar ligament
A: extension at knee
vastus medialis
O: entire length of linea aspera of femur
I: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella and patellar ligament
A: extension at knee
Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes: dorsiflexors
s
tibialis anterior
O:lateral condule and proximal shaft of tibia
I: base of first metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform
A: dorsiflexion at ankle; inversion of foot
plantar flexors
s
gastrocnemius
O: femoral condyles
I: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
A: plantar flexion at ankle; flexion at knee
I: tibial nerve (S1-S2)
fibularis brevis
O: midlateral margin of fibula
I: base of fifth metatarsal bone
A: eversion of foot and plantar flexion at ankle
fibularis longus
O: head and proximal shaft of fibula
I: base of first metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform
A: eversion of foot and plantar flexion at ankle; supports longitudinal and transverse arches
soleus
O: head and proximal shaft of fibula, and adjacent posteromedial shaf of tibia
I: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (with gastrocnemius)
A:plantar flexioin at ankle; postural muscle when standing
tibialis posterior
O: interosseous membrane and adjacent shafts of tibia and fibula
I: navicular, all three cuneiforms, cuboid, second, third, fourth metatarsal bones
A: inversion of foot; plantar flexion at ankle
digital flexors
s
flexor digitorum longus
O: posteromedial surface of tibia
I: inferior surface of distal phalangesk, toes 2-5
A: flexion of joints of toes 2-5; plantar flexes ankle
flexor hallucis longus
O: posterior surface of fibula
I:inferior surface, distal phalanx of great toe
A: flexion at joints of great toe; plantar flexes ankle
digital extensors
s
extensor digitorum longus
O: lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula
I: superior surfaces of phalanges, toes 2-5
A: extension of toes 2-5; dorsiflexes ankle
I: deep fibular nerve (L5-S1)
extensor hallucis longus
O: anterior surface of fibula
I:superior surface, distal phalanx of great toe
A: extension at joints of great toe; dorsiflexes ankle
Be able to locate muscles
- omohyoid
- cricothyroid
- erector spinae group
- extensor pollicis longus
- psoas major
rotator cuff is
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
subscapularis
teres minor
