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Anatomy Exam #2 > Chapter 10: Muscles > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscles Flashcards

0
Q

reactive to stimuli from nervous system or environment, generate electrical and mechanical response is called what?

A

excitability

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1
Q

what are the properties of muscles?

A

excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

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2
Q

cells actively shorten (contract) upon stimulation, generates tension is called what?

A

Contractility

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3
Q

cells can lengthen (extend) when pulled is called what?

A

extensibility

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4
Q

tendency to rebound (recoil) to some resting length after contraction or extension is called what?

A

elasticity

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5
Q

what are the three muscle types?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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6
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

cylindrical
multinucleated
obvious striations
arranged in parallel

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7
Q

what type of muscle has to do with voluntary movement?

A

skeletal

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8
Q

where can you find skeletal muscle?

A

in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally skin

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9
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

branching
striated
uninucleate
have intercalated discs

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10
Q

what type of muscle contracts and propels blood into the circulation and is involuntarily controlled

A

cardiac

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11
Q

where can cardiac muscle be found

A

walls of the heart

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12
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

spindle-shaped cells
central nuclei
no striation

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13
Q

what kind of muscle type propels substances or objects along internal passageways and is under involuntary control?

A

smooth

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14
Q

where can smooth muscle be found?

A

walls of hollow organs

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15
Q

what are the general functions of skeletal muscle?

A 
movement 
maintain posture and body position
support soft tissue
guard entrances and exits 
maintain body temp 
storage of certain organic moleules
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16
Q

what organic molecules does skeletal muscle store?

A

glucose

amino acids

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17
Q

what is the WHOLE muscle surrounded by?

A

epimysium

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18
Q

what surrounds a fascicle?

A

perimysium

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19
Q

what surrounds a muscle fiber?

A

endomysium

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20
Q

what is the cell membrane of skeletal muscle called?

A

sacrolemma

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21
Q

what is the muscle form of E.R?

A

saracoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

what in the muscle transmits electrical signals?

A

T-tubules

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23
Q

what is a cylindrical bundle of myofilaments called?

A

myofibril

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24
Q

ultramicroscopic threadlike structures made up of various protein molecules are called what?

A

myofilament

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25
Q

what are the two types of myofilaments

A

thick

thin

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26
Q

what is the main protein in thin myofilaments

A

actin

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27
Q

what is the protein called that holds thin filaments together

A

z-line protein

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28
Q

what kind of myofilament do tropomyosin and troponin belong to?

A

thin myofilaments

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29
Q

what is the main protein found in thick myofilament

A

myosin

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30
Q

what kind of protein holds thick myofilaments together?

A

M-line protein

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31
Q

the area between two z-lines that also contains one m-line is called what?

A

Sarcomere

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32
Q

what is the next bundle that the skeletal muscle holds?

A

muscle fascicle

33
Q

what is the next bundle contained in a muscle fascicle?

A

muscle fibers

34
Q

what is the next bundle contained by the muscle fiber?

A

myofibrils

35
Q

what is the myofibril surrounded by?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

36
Q

what does the myofibril consist of?

A

sarcomeres

37
Q

what connects the thick filaments to the Z-line?

A

Titin

38
Q

Neurons that are connected to skeletal muscle cells are called what?

A

Motor neurons

39
Q

The place where motor neuron connects to muscle cell is called what?

A

neuromuscular junction

40
Q

T/F one motor neuron may contract and stimulate more than one muscle cell (fiber)

A

T

41
Q

what makes up a motor unit?

A

neuron + muscle cell it controls

42
Q

What does stimulation of the motor neuron cause?

A

release of Ca2+ from the SR into the cytoplasm

43
Q

What does Calcium trigger?

A

the cross bridge cycle

bringing the Z-lines of sarcomeres closer together

44
Q

what involves interactions of muscle proteins such as actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin and requires ATP as an energy source?

A

Cross bridge cycling

45
Q

In what ways can skeletal muscle cells vary?

A

in size
speed of contraction
amount of force
endurance

46
Q

what are the three fiber types in muscle cells?

A

type 1 fibers
type 2B fibers
type 2A fibers

47
Q

what type of fibers are SLOW and OXIDATIVE?

A

Type 1 fibers

48
Q

What type of fibers are FAST and GLYCOLYTIC?

A

Type 2B fibers

49
Q

What type of fibers are Fast and oxidative?

A

Type 2A fibers

50
Q

are type 1 fibers fatigue resistant?

A

yes

51
Q

are type 2 B fibers fatigue resistant?

A

no, they are easily fatigued

52
Q

are type 2A fibers fatigue resistant?

A

somewhat

53
Q

In regards to size, type 1 fibers are ___ and type 2B fibers are ____

A

small

big

54
Q

the speed of contraction in Type 1 fibers is ___ and the speed of contraction in Type 2B fibers is ___ and type 2A fibers are ____

A

Slow
fast
fast

55
Q

In terms of force generation, Type 1 fibers have ___, Type 2B fibers have ____, and type 2A fibers have ___

A

Low force
high force
medium force

56
Q

In a picture type 1 fibers are __ in color, type 2B are ___ in color and type 2A are ___ in color

A

dark
pale
in-between

57
Q

The proportion of fiber types is determined by what?

A

muscle purpose
genetics
activity/training

58
Q

what are the categories of muscle fiber organization?

A

Parallel
convergent
circular
Pennate

59
Q

what are the types of pennate muscle organizations?

A

unipennate
bipennate
multi-pennate

60
Q

fibers that run parallel to the long axis of muscle are called what?

A

parallel muscles

61
Q

where can you find a parallel muscle?

A

biceps brachii muscle

62
Q

fibers converging on a single tendon and muscle and are typically triangular are called what?

A

convergent muscle

63
Q

where can convergent muscle be found?

A

pectoralis muscle

64
Q

fibers arranged concentrically around opening of rectus are called what?

A

circular muscle

65
Q

where can circular muscle be found?

A

Oricularis oris muscle

66
Q

fibers that attach to a tendon at an oblique angle are called what?

A

pennate muscles

67
Q

fibers that run in an oblique angle to one side of a tendon are called what?

A

unipennate muscle

68
Q

fibers that run in a oblique angle on both sides of a tendon are called what?

A

bipennate muscle

69
Q

fibers that run in an oblique angle where the tendon branches with the muscle are called what?

A

multi-pennate

70
Q

where can uni-pennate muscle be found?

A

extensor digitorum muscle

71
Q

where can bipennate muscle be found?

A

rectus femoris muscle

72
Q

where can multi-pennate muscle be found?

A

deltoid muscle

73
Q

what kind of “discs” does cardiac muscle have?

A

intercalated discs

74
Q

what is one important way that cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscles?

A

they are electrically interconnected with one another

75
Q

what do intercalated disks in cardiac muscle contain?

A

ion channels

76
Q

do the intercalated discs inhibit electrical activity?

A

no, they allow it to spread easily from cell to cell so they can contract in unison

77
Q

T/F Actin and myosin are arranged in sarcomeres or myofibrils in smooth muscle?

A

F they are not arranged in sarcomeres or myofibrils

78
Q

what is actin attached to in smooth muscle?

A

dense bodies scattered throughout cell

79
Q

how is myosin arranged in smooth muscles?

A

it is scattered throughout

80
Q

what is the pattern of smooth muscle contraction?

A

shortening and twisting

81
Q

what type of muscle fibers are probably most abundant in smooth muscle?

A

Type 1 fibers

due to the fact they have slow contraction, and resistant to fatigue

Anatomy Exam #2 (4 decks)

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