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Science Sec 4 > Chapter 10 - Hydrosphere > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Hydrosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the hydrosphere? /2

A

The Earth’s outer layer of water in all its states :liquid, gas, solid

The combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet

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2
Q 
What percent of the Earth's hydrosphere is: /4
Fresh water?
Salt water?
Frozen in glaciers?
Lakes,rivers and groundwater?
A

Fresh water: 2.5%
Salt water: 97.5%
Glaciers: 79% (has decreased due to climate change)
Lakes, rivers, groundwater: 21%

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3
Q

What are watersheds? /2

A

An area of land in which all inland waters drain into the same larger body of water

Preserve inland waters

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4
Q

How are the limits of a watersheds determined?

A

By the natural boundaries and land elevation/slope formed by nearby montaisons, hills, or other high ground

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5
Q

What are watershed divides?

A

The natural slope of the land which causes the waters to flow in the same direction

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6
Q

What are subwatersheds?

A

The land that drains to a specific watershed.

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7
Q

What factors affect the flow of water in watersheds? /5

A 
Topography
Geology
Climate
Vegetation
Urbanization
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8
Q

What is topography? How does it affect water flow? /2

A

The shape, slope and terrain of the area

Steeper the slope, the easier the water flow

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9
Q

What is geology? How does it affect water flow? /2

A

The type, depth and structure of the rock.

Water flows more easily through the holes and gaps in crushed rock rather than compact clay

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10
Q

What is climate? How does it affect water flow? /2

A

Rain, snowfall, winds and temperature

Water flows more quickly after a rain shower than during a drought

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11
Q

Why does water flow easier during a rainfall? How does it affect water flow? /2

A

Water that falls in a watershed will eventually drain by the outflow point.

So the rainfall pushed the water to the watershed

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12
Q

What is vegetation? How does it affect water flow? /2

A

The density and diversity of plant life

Wooded area near riverbanks cause water flow to decrease

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13
Q

How does urbanization affect water flow?

A

A dam can prevent water from flowing freely

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14
Q

What are the 5 main oceans? /5

A 
Atlantic 
Pacific
Antarctic/ Southern Ocean
Arctic
Indian
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15
Q

How does the depth of an ocean affect its temperature? /3

A

The deeper the ocean water, the further it is from the sunlight that warms up the water, causing it to be colder the further down you go.

If depth of an ocean increases, the temperature will decrease

If depth decrease, temperature increases

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ocean? /3

A

Mixed layer

Thermocline

Deep water

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17
Q

What is the mixed layer? /2

A

Had a depth of under 200m

Is heated by the sunlight

18
Q

What is thermocline? /3

A

Has a depth of either 200m or more

No solar energy

Cold transition zone

19
Q

What is the deep water? /5

A

Over 1000m in depth

Cold

Very dark

Salty

The deeper you go the colder it gets

20
Q

What affect do the seasons have in the ocean? /3

A

Oceans lose some heat during the winter season

Causes:
Water to lose more heat easily

Less pronounced temperature differences at sea than at land

21
Q

Where is the ocean warmer? Colder? (Regarding latitude) /2

A

Warmer at the equator than in temperate zones

Colder at the poles (North and South)

22
Q

What is salinity?

A

A measure of the amount of salt dissolved in a liquid

23
Q

Why is the ocean salty? /2

A

Saltwater is formed due to the seawater continually pounding against rocks in the lithosphere

This leads to the salt (NaCl) to dissolve in the water

24
Q

Can salt evaporate once dissolved in the ocean?

A

NO!

25
Q

What is the result of salt not being able to evaporate with the water?

A

When evaporation occurs the salt gets left behind causing a salt concentration in the water.

26
Q

What is the issue regarding salinity in the ocean due to climate change? /2

A

Climate change causes glaciers to melt and dilute the seawater

How?
|-> because glaciers are made of fresh water

27
Q

What is ocean circulation?

A

The combined effect of all currents that move across the oceans

28
Q

What is an ocean current? /2

A

The movement of seawater in a certain direction

Ex. Waves
Tides

29
Q

What direction does the temperature flow in the ocean?

A

Up and down

30
Q

What are surface currents? /3

A

Caused by the wind

Move horizontally

Found in the first 400m of water below the surface

31
Q

What are subsurface currents? /3

A

Deep currents

Found 800m or more below the ocean surface

Caused by variations in density between layers of water

32
Q

What is the relation between density and temperature? /2

A

As temperature decreases so does volume causing a higher density

If temperature decreases, density increases

33
Q

What happens to the water at the poles regarding temperature and density?

A

Water st the pole sis cold and sinks to the bottom of the ocean floor

34
Q

What is the relation between salinity and density?

A

If salinity increases, density increases

35
Q

What is the low and high salinity of water? /2

A

Low: 1g of salt per 1L of water

High: 35g of salt per 1L of water

36
Q

How are surface and subsurface currents connected? /2

A

They are connected by Thermohaline Circulation

Like a huge conveyor belt of ocean currents

37
Q

What is Thermohaline circulation? /5

A

The constant motion of ocean waters

Caused by waves, tides and ocean currents all around the world

Moves warm surface waters downward

Forces cold, nutrient-rich water upward

Essential in regulating the Earth’s climate

38
Q

What direction do ocean currents follow? /2

A

From the equator to the poles

From warm to cold

39
Q

What is pack ice? /3

A

Composed of the ice floating on the oceans near the North and South poles

Huge slabs of ice created by the upper layer of ocean water making contact with the cold air

Melting due to global warming (greenhouse effect)

39
Q

What are glaciers? /2

A

A mass of ice in land formed by compressed snow

When melted, causes the ocean’s salinity to decrease

Science Sec 4 (10 decks)

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