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PSYC 201 > chapter 10-health, stress, and coping > Flashcards

chapter 10-health, stress, and coping Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A
  1. State of being free from illness or injury
  2. State of well-being
    physical
    mental
    emotional

Health is intimately tied to behavior and mental processes!

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2
Q

Health Psychology

A

Key ideas:
how psychological factors (like stress) affect health and illness

how interventions help maintain health and combat illness

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3
Q

how Stress Affects Health- 3 part process

A

We all encounter stressors-
Stimuli in our lives that we perceive as challenges or threats, such as traffic, an approaching midterm exam, or a hurricane

Reactions to stressors (including bodily reactions)

By perceiving and then reacting, we are coping with the challenges or threats (successfully or not)

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4
Q

Stressors: Different for Everyone

A

Cognitive appraisal/Perception: Stressors differ for everyone

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5
Q

Sources of Stress

A

Major life events
Catastrophes
Daily hassles
Frustration
Pressure
Conflict

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6
Q

Types of Stressors

A

Microstressors
Major negative events
Catastrophic events

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7
Q

Health psychologists

A

who study how people’s behaviors influence their health, have classified stressors into several types

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8
Q

Microstressors

A

daily hassles and minor annoyances (traffic jam, line at the grocery store, etc.)

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9
Q

Major Negative Events

A

personal, negative events (divorce, death of a loved one, serious illness, etc.)

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10
Q

Catastrophic Events

A

tend to occur unexpectedly and affect large numbers of people (e.g., hurricane, tsunami, wildfire); affect both physical and mental health

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11
Q

Daily Hassles

A

May add to stress of major life events

May just be part of daily life

Increases in these-> decreases in health

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12
Q

Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire

A

Sample items:
Death (family member or friend)
Major injury or illness
Failing a course
Problems with your computer
Assignments in classes all due on same day
Changing major
Cramming for a test
Stayed up late finishing a paper

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13
Q

Fight or Flight Response

A

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

release of adrenaline, norepinephrine, cortisol

affects multiple body systems; suppresses immune system

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14
Q

GAS Can Lead to

A

Diseases of adaptation-
Chronic inflammation
Damage to heart and blood vessels
High blood pressure, heart disease
Depressed immune function
Colds, flu
Arthritis
Disruptions in gut bacteria

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15
Q

Chronic stress suppresses the immune system:

A

More vulnerable to infectious diseases, like colds and flu

Progression of HIV infection to AIDS is influenced by stress

Produces greater vulnerability to the virus responsible for mononucleosis, which normally is kept in check by a robust immune system.

Stress related to our social relationships seems to be especially harmful to our ability to stay healthy.

Heart disease is associated with chronic stress
(damage affects the ability of blood vessels to expand when necessary)

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16
Q

Burnout

A

An increasingly intense pattern of physical and psychological dysfunction in response to a continuous flow of stressors or to chronic stress

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17
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Severe negative reactions to a traumatic event, including anxiety, irritability, jumpiness, inability to concentrate or work productively, dysfunction in many areas of life (thinking, sexual function, relationships, sleep)

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18
Q

Health is the product of

A

interactions between a range of different factors

Biological
Psychological
Social

These interact with and can influence one another.

Making a change to one factor can produce changes to the other factors.

19
Q

Factors in Biopsychosocial Model of Health

A

Biological factors include genetics, physiological functioning, fitness levels, illness, and internal body chemistry, including hormones and neurotransmitters.

Psychological factors include lifestyle, stress, cognitive functioning, beliefs, mental illness, and modes of thinking.

Social factors include culture, family, interpersonal relationships, social support, and your general environment.

20
Q

Problem-focused coping (external)

A

controlling or altering the environment that is causing the stress

21
Q

Emotion-focused coping (internal)

A

controlling your internal, subjective, emotional reactions to stress

two ways:

cognitive reappraisal (actively, consciously reinterpret)

using psychological defense mechanisms.

22
Q

3 research-based strategies that reduce negative effects of stress

A

View stress as “energizing” you to surmount obstacles or deal with stressors
(cognitive reappraisal)

Talk about your stress with others
(seek social support)

Help others
(take your focus off of your own stressors
& enhance your social network)

23
Q

Health Literacy

A

individuals’ ability to obtain, process, and understand the basic health information and services they need to manage their health and make appropriate health decisions

How much you know about your own body, how it works, medical conditions and treatments, and how to keep yourself healthy

Assessed in medical practice

Low literacy leads to poor health

24
Q

Rapid Assessment of Adult Literacy in Medicine (Davis, Crouch, & Long, 1991)

A

Read aloud medical terms; scored on number of terms read correctly (word reading knowledge/skill)

25
Q

Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (Parker et al., 1995)

A

Choose appropriate words for blanks in medical documents (health-related reading comprehension)

26
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

a three stage pattern of responses triggered by the effort to adapt to stressors
1- alarm
2- resistance
3- exhaustion

27
Q

diseases of adaptation

A

illnesses caused or worsened by stressors

28
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the field that examines the interaction of psychological and physiological processes affecting the body ability to defend itself agains disease

29
Q

health promotion

A

the process of altering or eliminating behaviors that pose risks to health and, at the same time, fostering healthier behavior patterns

30
Q

primary prevention

A

programs designed to reduce the risks, or prevent the onset, of a health problem

31
Q

secondary prevention

A

programs designed to slow the progression, reduce the recurrence, or reduce the impact of an existing health problem

32
Q

The HPA Axis

A

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

represent the interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands; it plays an important role the body’s response to stress. The pathway of the axis results in the production of cortisol

33
Q

assessment step to reducing stress

A

identify the sources and effects of stress

34
Q

goal-setting step to reducing stress

A

list the stressors and stress responses to be addressed, decide which ones can or cant be changed

35
Q

planning step to reducing stress

A

list the specific steps to be taken to cope with stress

36
Q

action step to reducing stress

A

implement coping plans

37
Q

evaluation step to reducing stress

A

determine the changes in stressors and stress responses

38
Q

adjustment step to reducing stress

A

alter coping methods to improve results if necessary

39
Q

Stress Management Techniques

A

physical, cognitive, behavioral, social-emotional

40
Q

stages of readiness

A

1- pre-contemplation= the person does not perceive a health-related problem and has no intention of changing anytime soon
2-contemplation= a problem behavior has been identified, and the person is seriously thinking about changing it
3-preparation= the person has a strong intention to change and has made specific plans to do so
4-action= the person is engaging successfully in behavior change
5-maintenance= the healthy behavior has continued for at least 6 months and the person is using newly learns skills to prevent relapse

41
Q

cognitive appraisal

A

a potential stressor usually has a stronger negative impact on people who perceive it as at threat

42
Q

ruminative thinking

A

the repeated intrusion of thoughts about stressful events

43
Q

functional fixedness

A

the tendency to use objects for only one purpose

44
Q

cognitive restructuring

A

psychotherapeutic process of learning to identify and dispute irrational or maladaptive thoughts known as cognitive distortions, such as all-or-nothing thinking

PSYC 201 (5 decks)

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