Chapter 10 - Going to Jail

Question 1

Custodial Institutions and probation services for youth offenders in Canada.

Answer 1

Correctional Services

Question 2

To hold an accused person in a prison or detention facility prior to a tour appearance or trial, or while awaiting sentinel sometimes also referred to as pretrial detention.

Answer 2

Remand

Question 3

Common term for juvenile correctional institutions before the introduction of the Young Offenders Act.

Answer 3

Training Schools

Question 4

A form of youth custody under the YOA that required more restrictions on movement, both within and outside an institution, than was required for open security.

Answer 4

Secure Custody

Question 5

A form of youth custody under the YOA that required fewer restrictions on movement, both within and outside an institution, than was required for secure custody.

Answer 5

Open Custody

Question 6

Requires a person under supervision to abide by particular condition set by the court (attend drug or alcohol rehabilitation programs).

Answer 6

Conditional Supervision Order

Question 7

A sentence option created by the YCJU that is similar to “house arrest” sentences for adults.

Answer 7

Deferred Custody and Supervision Order

Question 8

A term created by the YCJA that refers to a sentence of the court whereby a youth must serve a custody term in a facility designated as a rehabilitation institution.

Answer 8

Intensive Rehabilitative Custody and Supervision Order

Question 9

Refers to solitary confinement. Used as a management tool in correctional institutions for protection of a prisoner (from self or others) or as punishment for institutional infractions.

Answer 9

Administrative Segregation

Question 10

Any range of programming and services provided after a young person has completed his or her court-imposed sentence or extrajudicial measures contract.

Answer 10

Aftercare

Question 11

The part of the justice system that is responsible for carrying out the sentence of the court and/or alternative and extrajudicial measures.

Answer 11

Corrections

Question 12

A range of structured activities within a correctional system, designed to rehabilitate, educate, train, and otherwise facilitate a person’s reintegration into society.

Answer 12

Correctional Programming

Question 13

The behavioural, emotional, and philosophical skill set that one acquires to enable functioning int he social world.

Answer 13

Life Skills

Question 14

In the field of corrections, refers to the ability of people to develop cognitive solutions to their problems rather than to react emotionally and physically.

Answer 14

Cognitive Skills

Question 15

In the corrections system, a place of confinement where programming follows a militaristic regime.

Answer 15

Boot Camp

Question 16

Rehabilitative programs based on assumptions of correcting individual pathologies.

Answer 16

Rehabilitative Treatment

Question 17

A correctional philosophy based on the belief that appropriate treatment programs can reform or change an individual.

Answer 17

Rehabilitation

Question 18

A form of rehabilitative integration that confuses on the entire family, not just on an individual.

Answer 18

Multi Systematic Therapy

Question 19

Unlike intellectual deficiency, LD refers to a number of disorders that may affect the acquisition, organization, retention, understanding, or use of verbal or non-verbal information.

Answer 19

Learning Disability (LD)

Question 20

Sentences that are not absolute or definite.

Answer 20

Indeterminate Sentences

Question 21

Sentences with a stated minimum or maximum term.

Answer 21

Determinate Sentences

Question 22

the Problem of Custody

Answer 22

• Admissions to custody are disproportionate
• Aboriginals account 6 percent youth population, 36 percent custodial sentences, 24 percent of admissions to probation, 27 percent of admissions to remand
• Aboriginal females are even more overrepresented than Aboriginal males
• Average cost for a youth in custody is $80,000 per year
• Community residential programs least expensive option ($8,000-$12,000) (halfway house), high-security programs most expensive (up to $126,000/year)
• In community, probation is cheapest ($700 per youth) and intensive supervision most expensive ($7,000 per youth)

Question 23

Training Schools

Answer 23

• The practice of separating youth from adult offenders is more than 140 years old
• Started with reformatory prisons & evolved to industrial schools (or industrial training schools)
• Purpose: half of time spent in school, the remainder learning a trade
• Brown Commission 1848
• Term used for under the JDA to refer to correctional institutions.
• By the 1970s, they fell out of use in many provinces
• Instead community programs and group homes became the norm

Question 24

Custody Provisions under the YCJA

Answer 24

• The YCJA does not see custody as a main sanction
• Diversionary programs and services used as alternative/in conjunction with custody
• Under the YCJA, all custody sentences are accompanied by a period of conditional supervision in the community
• A number of restrictions placed on youth under conditional supervision order (problematic; sets them up for failure)
• An application to have youth serve entire sentence in custody of community supervision is deemed inappropriate

Question 25

Youth Custody Issues

Answer 25

• Custody rates have decreased since the implementation of the YCJA
• Aboriginal overrepresentation persists but appears to have dropped in some provinces (adult and youth)
• The location of custody facilities may be contentious
• Why do you think this is?
• For aboriginal offenders they are relocated far from family (which is beneficial). Also ‘Not in my back yard”.
• Politicians often want youth facilities in their communities for economic benefits while residents often resist out of fear or concern. (crime rates do go up). A further concern is geographic dislocation from his/her family where there are not many facilities available. It becomes challenging to reintegrate and rehabilitate a youth if s/he is a significant distance from home/social support networks.
• Not a great deal of research has been done on the impact of custody on youth
• Many experience significant stress and anxiety, leading to increased vulnerability to stress and mental illness (PTSD), SIB (Self-Injurious Behaviour)
• Administrative segregation appears to be more damaging to the rehabilitative prospects of youth than adults
• Adult sentences do not require that te youth offender be housed in youth facility
• Under age 18: will be in a youth facility
• Over age 18: provincial director may place in or move to an adult facility
• The YCJA allows for some youth to stay in a youth facility until age 20
• Levels of youth institutionalization have varied by legislation