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Endocrinology Final Exam > Chapter 10 Erythropoietin, Kidneys, and Pancreas > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Erythropoietin, Kidneys, and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are produced by the kidneys?

A

erythropoietin, renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system (RAAS), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (100%)

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2
Q

What is the site of synthesis of Erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

Kidneys and Fetus (liver)

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3
Q

What is the function of Erythropoietin?

A

Stimulate development of Red Blood Cells

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4
Q

Erythropoietin controls the secretion of what hormones?

A

Endorphins, Substance P, Oxytocin, and Thyroxine

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5
Q

What was originally used to limit the misuse of recombinant human erythropoietin?

A

blood tests

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6
Q

What did the blood tests prevent?

A

It prevented athletes that had above normal hematocrit levels from competing in sports as it was potentially dangerous for their health.

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7
Q

Sports authorities should be familiar with the ability of blood tests performed prior to competitions to fight agains the mis use of what?

A

rHuEPO, blood transfusions, and artificial hemoglobin

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8
Q

What does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAAS) System do?

A

Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance

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9
Q

What happens if there is a loss of blood volume or blood pressure?

A

The macula dense cells signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

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10
Q

When the macula densa senses a decrease in blood pressure what happens to the glomerular filtration rate (GRF)?

A

decreases

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11
Q

What is the function of the macula dense cells?

A

Elevated sodium chloride ions stimulates renin release in the juxtaglomerular cells and it controls the similarity of the plasma

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12
Q

Plasma renin activates the conversion of _______ from the liver to _____ and is converted into _______.

A

Angiotensinogen; Angioensin I; Angiotensin II

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13
Q

What converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

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14
Q

Where is Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) found?

A

lungs

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15
Q

What cells of the kidneys release renin into circulation?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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16
Q

What does Angiotensin II do?

A

Causes blood vessels to constrict, stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

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17
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

It increases reabsorption of sodium and water increasing blood pressure and fluid volume.

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18
Q

What stimulates the release of noepinephrine?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

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19
Q

What increases vasoconstriction of blood vessels and causes an increase in blood pressure when blood pressure is too low (brings blood pressure up to normal)?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

20
Q

Kidney Hormones that are import an for renal function (4)

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, and atrial natriuretic hormone

21
Q

What is another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

Vasopressin

22
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys

23
Q

What does ADH do in the hypothalamus?

A

It monitors the amount of volume of blood going through the hypothalamus or monitors the concentration of water in the blood.

24
Q

What detects the increase in osmolarity in the hypothalamus?

A

osmoreceptors

25
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from what part of the adrenal gland?

A

zona glomerulosa

26
Q

What is the primary target of aldosterone?

A

kidneys

27
Q

What is the importance of aldosterone?

A

it is important for sodium and water absorption.

28
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

regulates sodium, potassium, and electrolytes in the plasma

29
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

regulates calcium and phosphate

30
Q

Where is the site of synthesis of atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

atrium of the heart

31
Q

What is the function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?

A

decrease secretion of angiotensin II

32
Q

What is the primary function of ADH?

A

increase renal reabsorption of water

33
Q

Decreased output of antidiuretic hormone, excessive urine output (polyuria), and excessive thirst are symptoms of what?

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

34
Q

Why is there an increase of aldosterone after compensation in central diabetes insipidus?

A

Blood pressure drops and the body tries to restore it to normal

35
Q

Polyuria, dilute urine (decreased urine concentration), hypotension (decreased plasma volume), and increased plasma concentration are physical characteristics of what?

A

Central diabetes insipidus

36
Q

What is the etiology of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

abnormalities in the kidneys

37
Q

Decreased sensitivity to ADH, increased secretion of ADH, Polyuria, dilute urine (decreased urine concentration), hypotension (decreased plasma volume), and increased plasma concentration are physical characteristics of what?

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

38
Q

Excessive release of ADH, fluid overload in patients with strokes, head trauma, and brain tumors

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

39
Q

Where is the site of synthesis of insulin in the pancreas?

A

beta cells - islets of langerhans

40
Q

What hormones are found in the pancreas?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

41
Q

What is the site of synthesis of glucagon in the pancreas?

A

alpha cells - islets of langerhans

42
Q

What is the primary function of glucagon?

A

increase blood glucose

43
Q

What is the secondary function of glucagon?

A

decrease plasma calcium

44
Q

What type of diabetes is insulin dependent and is normally juvenile onset?

A

Type I

45
Q

In type ___ diabetes, antibodies attack pancreas (beta cels), the pancreas is incapable of making insulin, and the patient will need insulin for life.

A

Type I

46
Q

This type of diabetes is non-insulin dependent and usually has an adult onset.

A

Type II

47
Q

In type ____ diabets patients can still make insulin and the body lacks sensitivity to insulin.

A

Type II

Endocrinology Final Exam (6 decks)

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