Chapter 10 Erythropoietin, Kidneys, and Pancreas

Question 1

What hormones are produced by the kidneys?

Answer 1

erythropoietin, renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system (RAAS), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (100%)

Question 2

What is the site of synthesis of Erythropoietin (EPO)?

Answer 2

Kidneys and Fetus (liver)

Question 3

What is the function of Erythropoietin?

Answer 3

Stimulate development of Red Blood Cells

Question 4

Erythropoietin controls the secretion of what hormones?

Answer 4

Endorphins, Substance P, Oxytocin, and Thyroxine

Question 5

What was originally used to limit the misuse of recombinant human erythropoietin?

Answer 5

blood tests

Question 6

What did the blood tests prevent?

Answer 6

It prevented athletes that had above normal hematocrit levels from competing in sports as it was potentially dangerous for their health.

Question 7

Sports authorities should be familiar with the ability of blood tests performed prior to competitions to fight agains the mis use of what?

Answer 7

rHuEPO, blood transfusions, and artificial hemoglobin

Question 8

What does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAAS) System do?

Answer 8

Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance

Question 9

What happens if there is a loss of blood volume or blood pressure?

Answer 9

The macula dense cells signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

Question 10

When the macula densa senses a decrease in blood pressure what happens to the glomerular filtration rate (GRF)?

Answer 10

decreases

Question 11

What is the function of the macula dense cells?

Answer 11

Elevated sodium chloride ions stimulates renin release in the juxtaglomerular cells and it controls the similarity of the plasma

Question 12

Plasma renin activates the conversion of _______ from the liver to _____ and is converted into _______.

Answer 12

Angiotensinogen; Angioensin I; Angiotensin II

Question 13

What converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

Answer 13

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 14

Where is Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) found?

Answer 14

lungs

Question 15

What cells of the kidneys release renin into circulation?

Answer 15

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 16

What does Angiotensin II do?

Answer 16

Causes blood vessels to constrict, stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

Question 17

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 17

It increases reabsorption of sodium and water increasing blood pressure and fluid volume.

Question 18

What stimulates the release of noepinephrine?

Answer 18

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

Question 19

What increases vasoconstriction of blood vessels and causes an increase in blood pressure when blood pressure is too low (brings blood pressure up to normal)?

Answer 19

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

Question 20

Kidney Hormones that are import an for renal function (4)

Answer 20

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, and atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 21

What is another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Answer 21

Vasopressin

Question 22

What does ADH do?

Answer 22

Regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys

Question 23

What does ADH do in the hypothalamus?

Answer 23

It monitors the amount of volume of blood going through the hypothalamus or monitors the concentration of water in the blood.

Question 24

What detects the increase in osmolarity in the hypothalamus?

Answer 24

osmoreceptors

Question 25

Aldosterone is secreted from what part of the adrenal gland?

Answer 25

zona glomerulosa

Question 26

What is the primary target of aldosterone?

Answer 26

kidneys

Question 27

What is the importance of aldosterone?

Answer 27

it is important for sodium and water absorption.

Question 28

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 28

regulates sodium, potassium, and electrolytes in the plasma

Question 29

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

Answer 29

regulates calcium and phosphate

Question 30

Where is the site of synthesis of atrial natriuretic peptide?

Answer 30

atrium of the heart

Question 31

What is the function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?

Answer 31

decrease secretion of angiotensin II

Question 32

What is the primary function of ADH?

Answer 32

increase renal reabsorption of water

Question 33

Decreased output of antidiuretic hormone, excessive urine output (polyuria), and excessive thirst are symptoms of what?

Answer 33

Central Diabetes Insipidus

Question 34

Why is there an increase of aldosterone after compensation in central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 34

Blood pressure drops and the body tries to restore it to normal

Question 35

Polyuria, dilute urine (decreased urine concentration), hypotension (decreased plasma volume), and increased plasma concentration are physical characteristics of what?

Answer 35

Central diabetes insipidus

Question 36

What is the etiology of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 36

abnormalities in the kidneys

Question 37

Decreased sensitivity to ADH, increased secretion of ADH, Polyuria, dilute urine (decreased urine concentration), hypotension (decreased plasma volume), and increased plasma concentration are physical characteristics of what?

Answer 37

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Question 38

Excessive release of ADH, fluid overload in patients with strokes, head trauma, and brain tumors

Answer 38

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

Question 39

Where is the site of synthesis of insulin in the pancreas?

Answer 39

beta cells - islets of langerhans

Question 40

What hormones are found in the pancreas?

Answer 40

Insulin and Glucagon

Question 41

What is the site of synthesis of glucagon in the pancreas?

Answer 41

alpha cells - islets of langerhans

Question 42

What is the primary function of glucagon?

Answer 42

increase blood glucose

Question 43

What is the secondary function of glucagon?

Answer 43

decrease plasma calcium

Question 44

What type of diabetes is insulin dependent and is normally juvenile onset?

Answer 44

Type I

Question 45

In type ___ diabetes, antibodies attack pancreas (beta cels), the pancreas is incapable of making insulin, and the patient will need insulin for life.

Answer 45

Type I

Question 46

This type of diabetes is non-insulin dependent and usually has an adult onset.

Answer 46

Type II

Question 47

In type ____ diabets patients can still make insulin and the body lacks sensitivity to insulin.

Answer 47

Type II