chapter 10: blood and immunity

Question 1

what are the functions of blood?

Answer 1

1. transportation: O2, CO2, antibodies
2. regulation: tissue fluid, body temp, blood pH
3. defense system: transportation of antibodies, platelets, clotting factors

Question 2

what is the function of platelets?

Answer 2

maintain blood vessel integrity
-“platelet plug:” endothelial cells in blood vessels release endothelial growth factor (EGF)=> attract platelets to merge and form a plug

Question 3

what is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum?

Answer 3

plasma: liquid portion of blood post-centrifuge
-contains large proteins
-can only be extracted using an anti-coagulant

serum: blood plasma without blood cells/lotting factors
-considered “pure” because there are no clotting factors
-used for hormone assessments

Question 4

what is the composition of whole blood?

Answer 4

1. plasma: liquid portion
2. cellular portion
   -RBC, WBC, platelets

Question 5

what are the functions of RBCs?

Answer 5

*RBC=erythrocytes

-transport O2 to tissue
-transport CO2 to lungs for expiration

Question 6

what is hemoglobin and what are its functions?

Answer 6

hemoglobin=protein on RBCs that carry O2
-heme: pigment portion; contains Fe
-4 heme/hemoglobin=can carry 4 O2
-globin: protein backbone that carries heme

Question 7

what is the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin?

Answer 7

oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin bound to O2

deoxyhemoglobin: after heme released O2 to tissue

Question 8

what are some factors that influence hemoglobin’s ability to carry O2?

Answer 8

1. blood pH
2. body temp
3. O2 and CO2 levels in blood

Question 9

how are O2 and CO2 transported in the blood?

Answer 9

1. from tissue: CO2 diffuses into RBC; small amount binds to hemoglobin and is carried to lungs
2. CO2 reacts with water in RBC to form carbonic acid
3. carbonic acid breaks down into bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
4. bicarbonate dissolves in plasma; hemoglobin accept H^+

Question 10

what are the functions of the immune system?

Answer 10

1. recognize and remove abnormal “self” cells
2. remove dead/damaged cells
3. protect against pathogens

Question 11

what is external innate immunity?

Answer 11

-primary non-specific immunity
-physical barrier (skin, mucus membranes of nose and stomach
-chemical barrier (stomach acid)

*CANNOT RECOGNIZE “SELF” FROM “NON-SELF”

Question 12

what is internal innate immunity?

Answer 12

-second level of non-specific immunity
-triggers broad inflammatory response
-phagocytosis
-cytokine production (aids in growth/activity of immune cells)
-activates WBC (inflammation and fever)

Question 13

what is humoral immunity?

Answer 13

-one type of adaptive immunity
-activates B-cells (WBC)=> plasma cells (antibody production) and memory cells (recognize invaders for faster response)

Question 14

what is cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 14

-one type of adaptive immunity
-activation of T-cells (WBC)=>phagocytosis
-have memory and can recognize pathogens to stimulate B-cell production

DIFFERENT FROM HUMORAL BC NO ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

Question 15

what is passive immunity?

Answer 15

-antibodies passed to animal
-ex. ingestion of colostrum, antibody IV transfusion, transplacentally

Question 16

what is artificial immunity?

Answer 16

-immunization (vaccines)
-plasma transfer

Question 17

what are the different WBCs?

Answer 17

1. basophils: allergic reactions
2. eosinophils: parasitic and allergic reactions
3. neutrophils: recognize foreign invaders (phagocytosis)
4. monocytes: allergic reactions and inflammation
5. lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells