Chapter 10

Question 1

What is development psychology?

Answer 1

The study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan

Question 2

What is the post hoc fallacy?

Answer 2

The false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that events

Question 3

What is a cross-sectional design?

Answer 3

A research design that examines people of different ages at a single point of time

Question 4

What is a longitudinal design?

Answer 4

A research design that examines people of different ages at a single point of time

Question 5

What are developmental effects?

Answer 5

Changes over time within individuals as a consequence of growing older

Question 6

What are externalizing behaviours?

Answer 6

Behaviour such as breaking rules, defying authority figures, and committing crimes

Question 7

What is attrition?

Answer 7

Is when participants dropping out of the study before its completed

Question 8

What is infant determinism?

Answer 8

The widespread assumption that extreme;y early experiences, are more influential than later ones

Question 9

What is childhood fragility?

Answer 9

Children are delicate things that are easily damaged

Question 10

What is gene-environment interaction?

Answer 10

A situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

Question 11

What is nature via nurture?

Answer 11

The tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions

Question 12

What is gene expression?

Answer 12

The activation and deactiviation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

Question 13

What is prenatal stage?

Answer 13

Prior to birth, the human body acquires its basic form and structure

Question 14

What is a zygote?

Answer 14

A fertilized egg

Question 15

What is a germinal stage?

Answer 15

When the zygote begins to divide and double, forming a blastocyst, which is a ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function on a body part

Question 16

What is an embryo?

Answer 16

Once the different cells start to assume different functions, the blastocyst becomes an embryo

Question 17

What are teratogens?

Answer 17

Environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development

Question 18

What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

Answer 18

A condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, and other things

Question 19

What are motor behaviours?

Answer 19

Are bodily motions that occur as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

Question 20

What is adolescence?

Answer 20

The transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

Question 21

What is puberty?

Answer 21

The achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

Question 22

What are primary sex characteristics?

Answer 22

Are physical features such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes

Question 23

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 23

Are sex-differentiating characteristics that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening of voices in men

Question 24

What is menarche?

Answer 24

The onset of menstruation

Question 25

What is spermarche?

Answer 25

Which is the first ejaculation, is the comparable milestone in boys but they don’t need to be a full maturity

Question 26

What is menopause?

Answer 26

The termination of menstruation, marking the end of a woman’s reproductive potential

Question 27

What is cognitive development?

Answer 27

The study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember

Question 28

What is assimilation?

Answer 28

A piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures

Question 29

What is accomodation?

Answer 29

Is the altering of a schema to make it more compatible with experience

Question 30

What is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 30

Between birth and age 2, characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally

Question 31

What is object permanence?

Answer 31

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

Question 32

What is preoperational stage?

Answer 32

Age between 2 until about 7, the ability to construct mental representation of experience

Question 33

What is egocentrism?

Answer 33

The inability to see the world from others’ point of view

Question 34

What is conservation?

Answer 34

Is the piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same

Question 35

What is the concrete operations stage?

Answer 35

Between 7 and 11 years old, they need physical experience as an anchor to which they can tether their mental operations

Question 36

What is the formal operation stage?

Answer 36

Children can perform hypothetical reasoning beyond here and now, children can understand logical concepts, such as if-then statements and either-or statements

Question 37

What is scaffolding?

Answer 37

Is a Vygotskian learning mechansim in which parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent

Question 38

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 38

The phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

Question 39

What is theory of mind?

Answer 39

Refers to the ability to reason about what other people know or believe

Question 40

What is stranger anxiety?

Answer 40

A fear of strangers, developing at 8 or 9 months, it also known as 8 months anxiety

Question 41

What is temperament?

Answer 41

The basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin

Question 42

What is attachment?

Answer 42

The strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

Question 43

What is mono-operation basis?

Answer 43

Drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure