Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is development psychology?
The study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan
What is the post hoc fallacy?
The false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that events
What is a cross-sectional design?
A research design that examines people of different ages at a single point of time
What is a longitudinal design?
A research design that examines people of different ages at a single point of time
What are developmental effects?
Changes over time within individuals as a consequence of growing older
What are externalizing behaviours?
Behaviour such as breaking rules, defying authority figures, and committing crimes
What is attrition?
Is when participants dropping out of the study before its completed
What is infant determinism?
The widespread assumption that extreme;y early experiences, are more influential than later ones
What is childhood fragility?
Children are delicate things that are easily damaged
What is gene-environment interaction?
A situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
What is nature via nurture?
The tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions
What is gene expression?
The activation and deactiviation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development
What is prenatal stage?
Prior to birth, the human body acquires its basic form and structure
What is a zygote?
A fertilized egg
What is a germinal stage?
When the zygote begins to divide and double, forming a blastocyst, which is a ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function on a body part
What is an embryo?
Once the different cells start to assume different functions, the blastocyst becomes an embryo
What are teratogens?
Environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development
What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?
A condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, and other things
What are motor behaviours?
Are bodily motions that occur as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
What is adolescence?
The transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years
What is puberty?
The achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce
What are primary sex characteristics?
Are physical features such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes
What are secondary sex characteristics?
Are sex-differentiating characteristics that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening of voices in men
What is menarche?
The onset of menstruation
What is spermarche?
Which is the first ejaculation, is the comparable milestone in boys but they don’t need to be a full maturity
What is menopause?
The termination of menstruation, marking the end of a woman’s reproductive potential
What is cognitive development?
The study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember
What is assimilation?
A piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
What is accomodation?
Is the altering of a schema to make it more compatible with experience
What is the sensorimotor stage?
Between birth and age 2, characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally
What is object permanence?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
What is preoperational stage?
Age between 2 until about 7, the ability to construct mental representation of experience
What is egocentrism?
The inability to see the world from others’ point of view
What is conservation?
Is the piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same
What is the concrete operations stage?
Between 7 and 11 years old, they need physical experience as an anchor to which they can tether their mental operations
What is the formal operation stage?
Children can perform hypothetical reasoning beyond here and now, children can understand logical concepts, such as if-then statements and either-or statements
What is scaffolding?
Is a Vygotskian learning mechansim in which parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent
What is the zone of proximal development?
The phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
What is theory of mind?
Refers to the ability to reason about what other people know or believe
What is stranger anxiety?
A fear of strangers, developing at 8 or 9 months, it also known as 8 months anxiety
What is temperament?
The basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
What is attachment?
The strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest
What is mono-operation basis?
Drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure
