Chapter 10 Flashcards
What are the four theories?
- behaviorist
- cognitive
- humanistic
- sociocultural
What is the behaviorist theory?
changes in behavior result from experiences with environment
What is the cognitive theory?
expectations/belief and attempts to understand how the world works
What is the sociocultural theory?
individual participation in communities that value and support learning
What is the humanistic theory?
attempts to fulfill their total potential as human beings
What is the humanistic approach?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, deficiency vs. growth needs
What are the levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy? (bottom to top)
1) Physiological
2) Safety
3) Belongingness and Love
4) Esteem
5) Esthetic and Cognitive
6) Self-Actualization
Which needs are basic and which are metaneeds?
1-4 basic, 5&6 metaneeds
Why are needs 1-4 basic?
always need to be replenished and have to be fulfilled before you can move up the pyramid
Who created the Need to Achieve?
Atkinson and McClelland
What is the Need to Achieve?
A system of two drives that push our motivation
What is the first drive?
Need to Achieve (nAch) which is the desire to learn something about yourself and grow
What is the second drive?
Fear of Failure (FoF) which is the desire to avoid looking dumb or incompetent
What are the three different probabilities?
- low failure = higher cost of failure
- high failure = lower cost of failure
- don’t participate = no failure/cost
What is FoF in regards to a test? Specific name?
ensuring failure by blaming situation. Self-handicapping
How does this relate to the Learning/Mastery Goal Theory?
(High nAch) focus on accomplishing a task, improving, and increasing understanding
How does this relate to the Performance Goal Theory?
(High FoF) focus on demonstrating ability and competence and how learners compare to others
What is Approaching?
emphasizes looking competent and receiving favorable judgements from others
What is Avoiding?
emphasizes attempts to avoid looking incompetent and being judged unfavorably
What is Weiner’s Attribution Theory?
describes learners’ beliefs about the causes of their successes and failures and how these beliefs influence motivation to learn
What are the three attributions that influence learners?
- emotional reactions to success/failure
- expectations for future success
- future effort
What is Learned Helplessness?
debilitating belief that one is incapable of accomplishing tasks and has little control of the environment
What is Eccles’ Expectancy x Value Theory?
If you have no expectancy then no value is placed on assignment and the result is no motivation
What is a Social Goal?
achieve a particular social outcome or interaction
What is a Work-Avoidance Goal?
feeling successful when tasks are easy or can be completed with little effort
What is Self-Efficacy?
belief that one is capable of accomplishing a specific task
What are the four factors that influence Self-Efficacy?
1) Performance
2) Models
3) Persuasion
4) State
Factor One: Past Performance
past success on similar tasks provides evidence that learners are capable of completing the task
Factor Two: Modeling
observing others succeed raises expectations and provides information about how a task should be performed
Factor Three: Verbal Persuasion
encourages learners to try challenging tasks and succeed then increases self-efficacy
Factor Four: Emotional State
negative emotional states can reduce self-efficacy by filling working memory with thought of failure
What are students with high-efficacy like?
they accept more challenging tasks, exert more effort, persist longer, use more effective strategies and generally perform better
What are the types of values that influence motivation?
- interest
- importance (attainment value)
- utility value
- cost
What is the interest? EX
(Personal and situational) if you have an interest in the topic you have more motivation
What is importance? EX
(Attainment Value) importance of an individual attaches to doing well on a task [negative self-efficacy=low importance]
What is utility value? EX
belief that a topic, activity, or course of study will be useful for meeting future goals
What is cost? EX
the consideration of what a person must give up to engage in an activity [impossible workload=high cost=no motivation]
