Chapter 10 Flashcards
Perception, Cognition, and Interaction
Attitudes
One’s psychological representations and evaluations of various features of the social world.
Cognitive Dissonance
Psychological tensions caused by the perceived mismatch (dissonance) between
(1) attitudes and behaviour,
(2) two or more decisions, or
(3) two or more attitudes.
Cohesiveness
All forces acting on group members to cause them to remain part of a group, including mutual attraction, interdependence and shared goals
Compliance
Doing or saying what others (tell you to) say or do.
Conformity
A form of social influence in which individuals change their attitudes or/and behaviour to adhere to existing social norms.
Dogmatism
The tendency to be closed minded, rigid, and inflexible in one’s opinions and subsequent behaviour.
Embeddedness
The degree to which individuals and groups are enmeshed.
Group
Two or more individuals forming a complete unit in a composition.
Group Polarization
The tendency of group members to shift, as a result of group discussion, toward more extreme positions than those they initially held.
Groupthink
The tendency of members of groups to adhere to the shared views so strongly that they ignore information inconsistent with those views.
Identification
The process wherein the individual so strongly feels that they are a member of a group that they adopt its opinions, attitudes and values.
Norms
Rules within a group indicating how its members should and should not behave.
Obedience
A form of social influence in which one person simply orders one or more people to perform some action.
Power
The capacity or ability of an individual to exercise control and/or authority.
Roles
The sets of behaviours that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform.
Sanctions
Actions that reward those who follow the norms (positive sanctions) and punish those who disobey them (negative sanctions).
Self-Centred Bias
The tendency to take credit for successes and avoid responsibility for failures.
Social Attribution
The process through which we seek to explain and identify the causes of the behaviour of others as well as our own actions.
Social Cognition
The process through which we interpret, remember, and then use information about the social world.
Social Facilitation
Effects on performance resulting from the presence of others.
Social influence
Efforts on the part of one person to alter the behaviour or attitudes of one or more people.
Social Loafing
The tendency of some group members to exert less effort on a task than they would if they worked alone.
Social Perception
The process through which we seek to know and understand other people and ourselves.
Status
Relative social (formal or informal) position or rank within a group.
Stereotypes
Traits or characteristics generally attributed to all members of specific groups.
Unassuming Bias
The tendency to explain one’s own success as a result of external factors and one’s failure as a result of personal mistakes ro weakness.
Value
A complex belief that reflects a principle, standard or quality considered by the individual as the most desirable or appropriate.
