Chapter 10

Question 1

History of Lighting

Answer 1

mostly held outdoors for light or used language to suggest shifts in lighting
1600s- moves indoors, uses candles and oil lamps
Phillipe Jacques DeLoutherburg- installed lighting above the stage and used gauze curtains/silk screens to achieve effects with color
late 1700s- Argand lamp- steadier and brighter light
1800s- London theater established gas lights(let light be dimmer or brighter)
late 1800s- Thomas Edison invents lightbulbs

Question 2

Objectives of Lighting Design

Answer 2

provide visibilty
reveal shapes and forms- must light from side, top, bottom
provide focus onstage and create visual composition- focus(area where lights are focused), control spill of light so audience isn’t distracted
reinforce mood/style- can be more imaginative if non realism
establish time/place
establish rhythm of visual movement- must be purposeful, make audience have a reaction, must match scene/set
reinforce central visual image

Question 3

Lighting designer

Answer 3

responsible for creating, installing, and setting controls for stage lighting
needs broad/creative imagination
reads script and develops ideas
meets with director and other designers
conducts visual research
light plot- plan that includes color and placement of each lighting instrument plus what kind of instrument and area of focus

Question 4

Properties of Light design

Answer 4

intensity- brightness, controlled by dimmers
color- often different colors are mixed together to prevent 1 dominant color, supports costume/set
distribution- position and type of lighting instrument
movement- create rhythm, support mood

Question 5

Lighting controls

Answer 5

cues- prearranged signal that indicates lighting changes
blackout- all lights shut off at once
cross fade- one set off, another on
split cross fade- have different cues

Question 6

Sound design

Answer 6

debate over amplification

Question 7

Sound effects

Answer 7

in past various items were used to produce desired sound(like wind or door slamming shut)
today- computer technology

Question 8

Sound Reproduction and Reinforcement

Answer 8

sound reproduction- use of motivated or environmental sounds
motivated sound- announce arrival of character
environmental sound- noises of everyday life
sound effect- any noise made made because of association with the play
sound reinforcement- produced by performer or instrument

Question 9

Microphones

Answer 9

shotgun mike- aimed a specific area
general mike- picks up sounds in the general area which it is aimed
body mike- worn