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Chemistry > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most abundant liquid on earth?

A

Water.

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2
Q

What liquid covers 70% of the planet?

A

Water.

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3
Q

What states does water exist in one Earth?

A

Solid, liquid, gas.

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4
Q

Where is the water cycle said to begin?

A

With evaporation.

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5
Q

What is the main human activity that contributes to the water cycle?

A

The combustion of fossil fuels, which produces steam.

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6
Q

What is the photosynthesis overall process equation?

A

6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g) –(chlosophyll, sunlight)–> C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)

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7
Q

What is the photosynthesis word equation?

A

Water + Carbon dioxide –(chlorophyll, sunlight)–> Glucose + Oxygen

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8
Q

What is the respiration word equation?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Water + Carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What is the respiration overall equation?

A

C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) –> 6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g)

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10
Q

Name three functions of water?

A
  • Provides a system to transport nutrients and soluble waster - can act as a solvent and dissolve materials which helps in transporting materials to living things.
  • Provides a system to transfer heat - has the capacity to store a large amount of heat energy.
  • Provides a system to cool the body - when water is evaporated from the skin it absorbs heat from the body.
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11
Q

What does the evaporation stage produce?

A

Water free of dissolved substaces.

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12
Q

Describe two points about waters bonds?

A
  • The oxygen-hydrogen bonds are polar with the oxygen atoms having a larger share of electrons because of its higher electronegativity
  • Foces between water are hydrogen bonds which are stronger in comparison to other intermolecular bonds
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13
Q

Why does water have higher melting point?

A
  • As an ice crystal water molecules are structured with each molecule forming hydrogen bonds with four other molecules
  • For ice to melt energy must be provided to increase the kinetic energy of the water molecules where they can break free of the crystal lattice
  • High melting temperature indicates the high amount of energy needed
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14
Q

Why does water have a higher boiling point?

A
  • When water is boiled the molecules are separated from each other
  • Energy is needed to overcome these hydrogen bonds between the molecules
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15
Q

What is latent heat fusion of water?

A

The amount of energy needed to change a fixed amount of water from a solid to a liquid at 0 degrees celsius.

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16
Q

What is latent heat of vaporisation of water?

A

The amount of energy needed to change a fixed amount of water from a liquid to a gas at 100 degrees celsius.

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17
Q

Whats denser liquid or water and by how much?

A

Water is 10% denser than ice.

18
Q

What does the specific heat capacity of a substance measure?

A

The amount of heat energy needed to increase the temperature of that substance by 1 degree celsius.

19
Q

What is the specific heat capacity of water?

A

4.2 joules.

20
Q

What does a higher specific heat capacity mean?

A

The more effectively it will store heat energy.

21
Q

What is the formula for heat capacity?

A

HE = SHC x mass(g) x change in temp (degrees celsius)

22
Q

Why does water expand when its frozen?

A
  • Molecules slow down when they are cooled and form an ice lattice
  • Each water molecule forms a bond with 4 surrounding water molecules
  • This is an open arrangement with the molecules being more widely spaced in ice than water
23
Q

Why is water denser than ice?

A
  • Molecules in ice are widely spread

- Molecules in water move more closely together and the density decreases

24
Q

What are three characteristics of solutions?

A
  • They are homogeneous, the solute and solvent cant be distinguished from eachother
  • Dissolved particles are too small to see
  • Proportion of dissolved solute varies from one solution to another
25
Q

What are three processes that occur when one substance dissolves another?

A
  • The particles of the solute are separated from one another
  • The particles of the solvent are separated from one another
  • The solute and solvent particles attract each other
26
Q

When will a solute dissolve a solvent?

A

When the attraction between the solute and solvent particles are strong enough to compete with the solute-solute and solvent-solvent forces of attraction.

27
Q

What type of bonding do substances that dissolve readily in water have?

A

ionic or polar covalent bonding.

28
Q

What are three groups that molecules that can dissolve in water fall into?

A
  • ionic compounds
  • polar covalent compounds that can form hydrogen bonds with water
  • polar covalent molecular compounds that ionise
29
Q

What is a solution?

A

An evenly distributed mixture of atoms, molecules or ions.

30
Q

If the molecule is more polar what does it mean about dissolving in water?

A

It is more likely to dissolve in water.

31
Q

What do non polar solutes dissolve in?

A

Non polar solvents.

32
Q

What is the process of hydrolysis known as?

A

Ionisation.

33
Q

What are the two steps when a polar covalent molecular substance ionises in water?

A
  • polar covalent bonds within molecules are broken down, producing hydrogen ions and anions
  • covalent bond forms between each H+ and H2O molecule, giving H3O+ ions, ion-dipole attractions between the newly formed ions and the polar water molecules are formed
34
Q

Give three examples of polar covalent molecular compounds that ionise in water?

A

Nitic acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

35
Q

What do ionic solids contain?

A

Positive and negative ions held in a three dimensional lattice by strong electrostatic forces.

36
Q

What is an ion polar molecules attraction described as?

A

ion-dipole attraction.

37
Q

What is dissociation?

A

When an ionic compound dissolves in water, positive and negative ions in an ionic lattice are separated from one another.

38
Q

What are three steps that happen when an ionic solid dissolves in water?

A
  • Ionic bonds within the solid are broken
  • Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are broken
  • Ion-dipole attractions between the ions and the polar molecules are formed
39
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

A solution in which water is the solvent.

40
Q

What happens in a hydrated ion?

A

Water molecules are attracted to a central ion by ion-dipole attractions.

41
Q

What do soluble ionic compounds dissociate in water to form?

A

Hydrated ions.

Chemistry (7 decks)

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