Chapter 10 Flashcards
______________ cannot be eliminated (through design), but must be __________ and ____________
The researcher’s biases cannot be eliminated (through design), but must be acknowledged and minimized
___________ is critical in providing an understanding of the phenomenon under investigation
context
Natural Setting
Behavior is studied as it naturally occurs
There is no intervention
Often described as “field research”
Direct Data Collection
The researcher is the instrument
Researchers spend a considerable amount of time interacting with participants, settings, and documents
Rich Narrative Descriptions
Descriptions are in the form of words and pictures rather than numbers
The descriptions, often lengthy, capture what has been observed in the same form in which it occurred naturally
Process Orientation
An emphasis on the process that produced behavior, rather than on the products and outcomes
There is a focus on the reasons that the outcomes occurred
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Natural Setting Direct Data Collection Rich Narrative Descriptions Process Orientation Inductive Data Analysis Participant Perspectives Socially Constructed Meaning Emergent Research Design
Inductive Data Analysis
There are no “hypotheses” at the outset of a study to be proved or disproved; instead, data are gathered first and as analysis begins, emerge that lead to hypotheses that may then be confirmed or disconfirmed through by looking through additional data.
Qualitative researchers feel that hypotheses at the outset of a study limit the researcher, causing them to miss other important facets of the data
Participant Perspectives
Reality is reconstructed for the participant’s perspective, rather than the researcher’s perspective or some external neutral perspective
The meaning of events to the participant is a central focus
Socially Constructed Meaning
Participants actively construct their own reality (constructivist perspective or interpretivism)
Knowledge is built on participants’ lived experiences and situation-specific interactions with others
Emergent Research Design
Qualitative researchers begin their studies with some idea what data will be collected and the procedures that will be employed, but they give a full account of the methods retrospectively, after all the data have been collected.
The design is emergent in that it remains flexible and evolves during the study.
Types of Qualitative Research
Ethnographic Studies Case Studies Phenomenological Studies Grounded Theory Studies Critical Studies
Ethnographic Studies
An in-depth description and interpretation of cultural patterns and meanings within a culture or social group
Involves extensive or long-term interaction with the cultural or social group
Ethnographic Studies
Data collection methods
Data Collection Methods:
Observation
Interviews
Document and Artifact Analysis
______________ studies emphasize culture
ethnographic studies
__________________ research begins by establishing the foreshadowed questions (the initial problem statement).
Ethnographic research
Case Studies
An in-depth analysis of one or more events, settings, programs, social groups, communities, individuals, or other “bounded systems”
Because the case study typically involves a single case, __________________ is either limited or non-existent
generalizability
Phenomenological Studies
Describes and interprets the experiences of participants in order to understand the “essence” of the experience as it is perceived by the participants
Focuses on the consciousness of human experience
Focuses on the consciousness of human experience attempts to ___________
Attempts to distill the essential or invariant structure in the meanings given by the participants
Grounded Theory Studies
Discovers or generates theory that explains central phenomenon from the data
In grounded theory studies, the theory is ____________.
The theory is a set of propositions or a schema that explains the data
The theory is grounded in the data, which are collected in the field and therefore embedded within a natural context
__________________ study
Research questions are focused on what happened to individuals, why they believe it happened as it did, and what it means to them
Grounded Theory Studies
_______________ study
The research problem is: What is the essential meaning or the event, episode, or interaction?
Phenomenological Studies
___________________ study
The research question identifies the case and begins with a general question; it is often followed by several sub-questions
case studies
Critical Studies
The researcher serves as an advocate to respond to the themes and issues of marginalized individuals and groups
Focused on systems of power and control, privilege, inequality, dominance, and influence based on race, gender, and socioeconomic class
Purposeful samples
participants, documents, and artifacts are identified and used in qualitative research
Key informants are identified and used in groups when all cannot be studied
Sites and documents are selected purposefully to provide rich data
Qualitative research uses ____________ type of data collection.
purposeful samples
Ethnographic case study uses ____________ type of data collection.
internal sampling
A case study uses ____________ type of data collection.
a group of participants (an identified group)
The group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other, share the same space, and identify with each other
Larger groups are sometimes preferred, as the researcher’s presence is less likely to alter the behavior of larger groups
