Chapter 1 Flashcards
_________ eliminates the need to search for new knowledge and understanding
Tradition …
because we simply accept what has always been done as the best or right way.
__________ is only as good as the facts that are used.
Logic
_______ involves a systematic process of gathering, interpreting, and reporting information.
Research
Information is gathered directly from:
individuals, groups, documents, and other sources.
Education research
is systematic, disciplined inquiry applied to educational problems and questions.
Parsimony
economy in the use of means to an end; especially : economy of explanation in conformity with Occam’s razor
Research exhibits several characteristics:
Objectivity–in observation, data collection, and reporting of results
Control of personal bias–so that do not influence the research and conclusions
Precision–to provide detailed, specific definitions and descriptions
Parsimony–to provide the least complicated explanation
Tentative conclusions–that are open to change
Verification–of findings through replication
Openness to scrutiny
Logic–to provide meaning
Occam’s razor
a scientific and philosophic rule that entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily which is interpreted as requiring that the simplest of competing theories be preferred to the more complex or that explanations of unknown phenomena be sought first in terms of known quantities
Scientific
systematic, testable, and objective
scientific approach
is a logical method of inquiry, not a body of knowledge
IES
Institute of Education Sciences
Three significant developments in education:
Formation of the Institute of Education Sciences
Formation of What Works Clearinghouse
Publication of Scientific Research in Education
The primary purpose of scientific inquiry _________________________________________.
Is to explain natural phenomena and understand the underlying relationships and then, using this information, to predict and influence behavior.
Principles of Scientific Inquiry
- Pose significant questions that can be investigated empirically.
- Link research to relevant theory.
- Use methods that permit direct investigation of the question.
- Provide a coherent, explicit, and evidence-based chain of reasoning.
- Replicate and generalize across studies.
- Disclose research to encourage professional scrutiny, critique and peer review.
empirical study
is one that gathers evidence (data) that is objective, evidence that is based on observation, measurement, or experience that can be replicated by others.
theory
a set or propositions that explain the relationships among observed phenomena
_____ must be matched to ______.
Method must be matched to question.
Principles of scientific research means _____________________________________.
means the use of rigorous, systematic, and objective methodologies to obtain reliable and valid knowledge.
Research requires: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
A. development of logical, evidence-based chain of reasoning
B. methods appropriate to the questions posed
C. observational or experimental designs and instruments that provide reliable and generalizable findings
D. data and analysis adequate to support findings
E. explication of procedures and results clearly and in detail
F. adherence to professional norms of peer review
G. dissemination of findings to contribute to scientific knowledge
H. access to data for reanalysis, replication, and the opportunity to build on findings
A researcher’s goal is to ____________.
obtain credible answers.
Four steps of research are __________________.
question –> method –> results –> conclusions
generalizability
use of results in other situations with other individuals
chain of reasoning
each step of scientific inquiry is connected to others
quantitative tradition
this tradition assumes that phenomena should be studied objectively with the goal of obtaining a single true reality, or at least reality within known probabilities, with an emphasis on measurement, numerical, data, control, and objectivity
quantitative
emphasizes numbers, measurements, deductive logic, control, experiments
qualitative research
emphasizes natural settings, understanding, verbal narrative, and flexible design
a phenomenological model in which multiple realities are rooted in the subjects’ perceptions
mixed-methods research
studies using both quantitative and qualitative methods
research design
the plan for carrying out a study
nonexperimental research
no manipulation of factors that may influence subjects; the investigator has no direct influence on what has been selected to be studied
__________ type of research can usually only describe something or uncover relationships between two or more factors
nonexperimental research
descriptive research
includes studies that provide simple information about the frequency or amount of something
comparative studies
examine the differences between groups on a variable of interest
correlative studies
investigate relationships among two or more variables
causal-comparative research
examines whether a naturally occurring intervention affects an outcome of interest
experimental research
manipulation of factors that may influence subjects; the investigators have control over one or more factors (variables) in the study that may influence the subjects’ behavior
true experimental design
is one in which subjects have been randomly assigned to different groups
quasi-experimental design
does not have random assignment
single-subject designs
use the ideas of an experiment with a single person or a few individuals
The goal in a phenomenological study is _____________________________________.
is to fully understand the essence of some phenomenon.
ehnography
is a description and interpretation of cultural or social group system
grounded theory studies
are conducted to generate or discover a theory or schema that relates to a particular environment
case studies
concern in-depth study of a single or a few programs, events, activities, groups, or other entities defined in terms of time and place
critical studies
the focus is on marginalized people, with investigations of injustice an inequity
analytical research
is a mode of inquiry in which events, ideas, concepts, or artifacts are investigated by analyzing documents, records, recordings, and other media
historical analysis
there is a systematic gathering and criticism of documents, records, and artifacts to provide a description and interpretation of past events or persons
legal analysis
focuses on selected laws and court decisions to examine how legal precedents influence education practice
concept analysis
is concerned with implications and applications of the meaning and usage of educational concepts
The primary purpose of basic research is ____________________.
is the development of theories.
The purpose of applied research is ________________________________.
is to test theories and other ideas in the context of naturally occurring educational settings.
The goal of action research is _______________________________________.
is to solve a specific classroom or school problem, improve practice, or help make a decision at a single local site.
Evaluation research
is directed toward making decision about the effectiveness or desirability of a program
AERA
American Educational Research Association
IRB
institutional review board
Ten basics aspects of ethical concern
- responsible for ethical standards
- inform subjects of all aspects of research
- be open and honest
- subjects must be protected from physical and mental discomfort, harm, and danger
- obtain informed consent
- never coerce subjects to participate
- subjects can stop participating at any time
- data be anonymous
- get approval for conducting research
- identify potential benefits to a control group
Abstract in a journal article is typically ______ to ____ words long.
50-150 words long
Research titles are usually ____ words or less long.
15 words or less
The introductory section should include:
context for research, significance of research, and general or specific research problem investigated
The hypothesis usually follows the _______.
review of literature
In the results sections, researchers describe ___________________________.
describe how they analyzed the data, and the present the results.
The ________ section is the section in which the investigators explain their results.
discussion section
___________ are summary statements that reflect the overall answers.
conclusions
Types of analytical research
Historical analysis
Legal analysis
Concept analysis
