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Ed Research > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

the researcher manipulates at least one independent variable, controls other relevant variables, and observes the effect on one or more dependent variables

A

experimental research

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2
Q

primary characteristic that differentiates experimental research from other types of research

A

manipulation of an independent variable

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3
Q

experimental research

A

the researcher manipulates at least one independent variable, controls other relevant variables, and observes the effect on one or more dependent variables

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4
Q

The only restriction on the dependent variable

A

it must represent a measurable outcome

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5
Q

experimental group

A

the group that receives the new treatment

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6
Q

the group that receives the new treatment

A

experimental group

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7
Q

control group

A

the group that receives a different treatment or is treated as usual

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8
Q

the group that receives a different treatment or is treated as usual

A

control group

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9
Q

active variables

A

Independent variables that are manipulated by the experimenter

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10
Q

the researcher’s efforts to remove the influence of any variable, other than the 241242independent variable, that may affect performance on the dependent variable

A

control

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11
Q

a variable on which participants in different groups in a study may differ

A

participant variable

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12
Q

participant variable

A

a variable on which participants in different groups in a study may differ

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13
Q

a variable in the setting of the study that may cause unwanted differences between groups

A

environmental variable

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14
Q

environmental variable

A

a variable in the setting of the study that may cause unwanted differences between groups

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15
Q

the degree to which observed differences on the dependent variable are a direct result of manipulation of the independent variable, not some other variable

A

Internal validity

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16
Q

Internal validity

A

the degree to which observed differences on the dependent variable are a direct result of manipulation of the independent variable, not some other variable

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17
Q

the degree to which study results are generalizable, or applicable, to groups and environments outside the experimental setting

A

External validity, also called ecological validity

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18
Q

External validity, also called ecological validity

A

the degree to which study results are generalizable, or applicable, to groups and environments outside the experimental setting

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19
Q

Unexpected events occur between the pre- and posttest, affecting the dependent variable.

A

History (threat to internal validity)

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20
Q

Changes occur in the participants, from growing older, wiser, more experienced, etc., during the study.

A

Maturation (threat to internal validity)

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21
Q

Taking a pretest alters the result of the posttest.

A

Testing (threat to internal validity)

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22
Q

The measuring instrument is changed between pre- and posttesting, or a single measuring instrument is unreliable.

A

Instrumentation (threat to internal validity)

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23
Q

Extremely high or extremely low scorers tend to regress to the mean on retesting.

A

Statistical regression (threat to internal validity)

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24
Q

Participants in the experimental and control groups have different characteristics that affect the dependent variable differently.

A

Differential selection of participants (threat to internal validity)

25
Q

Different participants drop out of the study in different numbers, altering the composition of the treatment groups.

A

Mortality (threat to internal validity)

26
Q

The participants selected into treatment groups have different maturation rates. Selection interactions also occur with history and Instrumentation.

A

Selection-maturation interaction (threat to internal validity)

27
Q

History (threat to internal validity)

A

Unexpected events occur between the pre- and posttest, affecting the dependent variable.

28
Q

Maturation (threat to internal validity)

A

Changes occur in the participants, from growing older, wiser, more experienced, etc., during the study.

29
Q

Testing (threat to internal validity)

A

Taking a pretest alters the result of the posttest.

30
Q

Instrumentation (threat to internal validity)

A

The measuring instrument is changed between pre- and posttesting, or a single measuring instrument is unreliable.

31
Q

Statistical regression (threat to internal validity)

A

Extremely high or extremely low scorers tend to regress to the mean on retesting.

32
Q

Differential selection of participants (threat to internal validity)

A

Participants in the experimental and control groups have different characteristics that affect the dependent variable differently.

33
Q

Mortality (threat to internal validity)

A

Different participants drop out of the study in different numbers, altering the composition of the treatment groups.

34
Q

Selection-maturation interaction (threat to internal validity)

A

The participants selected into treatment groups have different maturation rates. Selection interactions also occur with history and Instrumentation.

35
Q

The pretest sensitizes participants to aspects of the treatment and thus influences posttest scores.

A

Pretest-treatment interaction (threat to external validity)

36
Q

The nonrandom or volunteer selection of participants limits the generalizability of the study.

A

Selection–treatment interaction (threat to external validity)

37
Q

When participants receive more than one treatment, the effect of prior treatment can affect or interact with later treatment, limiting generalizability.

A

Multiple-treatment interference (threat to external validity)

38
Q

Poorly operationalized variables make it difficult to identify the setting and procedures to which the variables can be generalized.

A

Specificity of variables (threat to external validity)

39
Q

Treatment groups communicate and adopt pieces of each other’s treatment, altering the initial status of the treatment’s comparison.

A

Treatment diffusion (threat to external validity)

40
Q

Conscious or unconscious actions of the researchers affect participants’ performance and responses.

A

Experimenter effects (threat to external validity)

41
Q

The fact of being in a study affects participants so that they act in ways different from their normal behavior. The Hawthorne and John Henry effects are reactive responses to being in a study.

A

Reactive arrangements (threat to external validity)

42
Q

Pretest-treatment interaction (threat to external validity)

A

The pretest sensitizes participants to aspects of the treatment and thus influences posttest scores.

43
Q

Selection–treatment interaction (threat to external validity)

A

The nonrandom or volunteer selection of participants limits the generalizability of the study.

44
Q

Multiple-treatment interference (threat to external validity)

A

When participants receive more than one treatment, the effect of prior treatment can affect or interact with later treatment, limiting generalizability.

45
Q

Specificity of variables (threat to external validity)

A

Poorly operationalized variables (often involves not clearly defining terms) make it difficult to identify the setting and procedures to which the variables can be generalized.

46
Q

Treatment diffusion (threat to external validity)

A

Treatment groups communicate and adopt pieces of each other’s treatment, altering the initial status of the treatment’s comparison.

47
Q

Experimenter effects (threat to external validity)

A

Conscious or unconscious actions of the researchers affect participants’ performance and responses.

48
Q

Reactive arrangements (threat to external validity)

A

The fact of being in a study affects participants so that they act in ways different from their normal behavior. The Hawthorne and John Henry effects are reactive responses to being in a study.

49
Q

the researcher’s expectations of the study results affect his or her behavior and contribute to producing certain research outcomes

A

experimenter bias effect

50
Q

experimenter bias effect

A

the researcher’s expectations of the study results affect his or her behavior and contribute to producing certain research outcomes

51
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

term used to describe any situation in which participants’ behavior is affected not by the treatment per se but by their awareness of participating in a study.

52
Q

compensatory rivalry or the John Henry effect

A

a reactive effect that occurs when members of a control group feel threatened or challenged by being in competition with an experimental group and they perform way beyond what would normally be expected

53
Q

novelty effect

A

the increased interest, motivation, or engagement participants develop simply because they are doing something different

54
Q
A
55
Q

term used to describe any situation in which participants’ behavior is affected not by the treatment per se but by their awareness of participating in a study.

A

Hawthorne effect

56
Q

a reactive effect that occurs when members of a control group feel threatened or challenged by being in competition with an experimental group and they perform way beyond what would normally be expected

A

compensatory rivalry or the John Henry effect

57
Q

the increased interest, motivation, or engagement participants develop simply because they are doing something different

A

novelty effect

58
Q
A

Ed Research (4 decks)

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