Chapter 1

Question 0

Deductive reasoning

Answer 0

Coming to specific conclusions based on general principles

Question 1

Inductive reasoning

Answer 1

Making generalizations based on some limited observations/experiences

Question 2

Scientific method

Answer 2

Orderly process that entails

• Recognition of a problem
• Formulation of hypotheses
• Collection of data
• Statement of conclusions regarding confirmation or disconfirmation of hypotheses

Question 3

Hypothesis

Answer 3

An explanation for the occurrence of certain behaviors, phenomena, or events

Question 4

Research

Answer 4

Formal, systematic application of the scientific method to the study of problems

Question 5

Educational research

Answer 5

Formal, systematic application of the scientific method to the study of educational problems

Question 6

Goal of educational research

Answer 6

To describe, explain, predict, or control educational phenomena

Question 7

Quantitative research

Answer 7

The collection and analysis of numerical data to describe, explain, predict, or control phenomena of interest

• states hypothesis before data collection
• context is controlled by researcher

Question 8

Qualitative research

Answer 8

Collection, analysis, and interpretation of comprehensive narrative and visual (nonnumerical) data to gain insights into a particular phenomenon of interest

• often avoids stating hypothesis before data collection
• context not controlled by researcher
• qualitative researchers argue that all meaning is situated in a particular perspective or context

Question 9

Naturalistic research

Answer 9

• another term for qualitative research
• called this because data is collected in a naturalistic setting
• also called naturalistic inquiry or field-oriented research

Question 10

List the types of quantitative research approaches

Answer 10

• survey research
• correlation all research
• causal-comparative research
• experimental research
• single-subject research

Question 11

Survey research

Answer 11

• determines and reports the way things are
• involves collecting numerical data
• data usually collected through questionnaires, interviews, and observations
• often assesses the preferences, attitudes, practices, concerns, or interests of a group of people

Question 12

Correlational research

Answer 12

Involves collecting data to determine whether, and to what degree, a relation exists between two or more quantifiable variables

• requires information about at least 2 variables obtained from a single group of participants
• correlation does not mean causation
• can show that one factor is a good predictor of the other

Question 13

Causal-comparative research

Answer 13

Attempts to determine the cause, or reason, for existing differences in the behavior or status of groups of individuals

• compares two groups
• a weakness is that the researcher has no control over the variables and it cannot make clear cause-effect links

Question 14

Grouping variable

Answer 14

A behavior or characteristic believed to influence some other behavior or characteristic
-the cause

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

The change or difference that occurs as a result of the grouping variable
-the effect

Question 16

Experimental research

Answer 16

At least one independent variable is manipulated, other relevant variables are controlled, and the effect on one or more dependent variables is observed
-offers generalizability

Question 17

Generalizability

Answer 17

Applicability of findings to settings and contexts different from the one in which they were obtained

Question 18

Single subject research

Answer 18

Studies the behavior change that an individual or group exhibits as a result of some intervention or treatment

Question 19

Interpretive research

Answer 19

Name for the qualitative research approaches

Question 20

List the common types of qualitative research approaches

Answer 20

Narrative research
Ethnographic research
Case study research

Question 21

Narrative research

Answer 21

The study of how different humans experience the world around them

• researcher collects stories about a person’s life
• researcher and participant construct a written account about the participants experiences and feelings about the experiences

Question 22

Ethnographic research

Answer 22

Study of the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural settings

• successful ethnographic research can provide guidelines that enable an outsider to know how to think and behave in a certain culture
• also called ethnography

Question 23

Case study research

Answer 23

A qualitative research approach to conducting research on a unit of study or bounded system

Question 24

Basic research

Answer 24

Research conducted solely for the purpose of developing or refining a theory

Question 25

Applied research

Answer 25

Research conducted for the purpose of applying or testing a theory to determine its usefulness in solving practical problems
-includes three types: evaluation research, research and development, and action research

Question 26

Evaluation research

Answer 26

Systematic process of collecting and analyzing data about the quality, effectiveness, merit, or value of programs, products, or practices
-can be formative or summative

Question 27

Research and development

Answer 27

The process of researching consumer needs and then developing products to fulfill those needs

Question 28

Action research

Answer 28

Any systematic inquiry conducted by teachers, principals, schools counselors, or other stakeholders to gather information about the ways in which their particular schools operate, the teachers teach, and the students learn
-the goal is to solve a problem in a particular setting