Chapter 10

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

Behavior intended to injure another

Question 2

Assertiveness

Answer 2

Behavior intended to express dominance or confidence

Question 3

Catharsis

Answer 3

Discharge of aggressive impulses

Question 4

Cognitive-neoassociation theory

Answer 4

Theory that any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, including negative emotions and negative thoughts. Depending on other cues in the situation (such as weapons), these negative feelings will be expressed as either aggression or flight

Question 5

Culture of honor

Answer 5

A set of societal norms whose central idea is that people (particularly men) should be ready to defend their honor with violent retaliation if necessary

Question 6

Defensive attributional style

Answer 6

A tendency to notice threats and interpret other people’s behavior as intended to do one harm

Question 7

Differential parental investment

Answer 7

The principle that animals making higher investment in their offspring (female as compared to male mammals, for instance) will be more careful in choosing mates

Question 8

Direct aggression

Answer 8

Behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face

Question 9

Displacement

Answer 9

Indirect expression of an aggressive impulse away from the person or animal that elicited it

Question 10

Effect/danger ratio

Answer 10

Assessment of the likely beneficial effect of aggressiveness balanced against the likely dangers

Question 11

Emotional aggression

Answer 11

Hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings

Question 12

Excitation-transfer theory

Answer 12

The theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states and that any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses

Question 13

Frustration-aggression hypothesis (original)

Answer 13

The theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal-directed behavior

Question 14

Frustration-aggression hypothesis (reformulated)

Answer 14

The theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings

Question 15

Indirect aggression

Answer 15

Behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation

Question 16

Instrumental aggression

Answer 16

Hurting another to accomplish some other (nonaggressive) goal

Question 17

Meta-analysis

Answer 17

A statistical combination of results from different studies of the same topic

Question 18

Psychopath

Answer 18

Individual characterized by impulsivity, irresponsibility, low empathy, grandiose self-worth, and lack of sensitivity to punishment. Such individuals are inclined toward acting violently for personal gain

Question 19

Relative deprivation

Answer 19

The feeling that one has less than the others to whom one compares oneself

Question 20

Sexual selection

Answer 20

A form of natural selection favoring characteristics that assist animals in attracting mates or in competing with members of their own sex

Question 21

Social learning theory

Answer 21

Theory that aggression is learned through direct reward or by watching others being rewarded for aggressiveness

Question 22

Type A behavior pattern

Answer 22

A group of personality characteristics, including time-urgency and competitiveness, that is associated with higher risk for coronary disease

Question 23

Weapons effect

Answer 23

The tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions