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KIN 217 - Human Biochemistry > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A
  • The simplest form of carbohydrates
  • Composed of a single aldehyde or ketose group that has two or more hydroxyl groups
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2
Q

The smallest monosaccharides (composed of three carbons) are…

A
  • Dihydroxyacetone
  • D-glyceraldehyde
  • L-Glyceraldehyde
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3
Q

Ketose

A
  • Is a monosaccaride
  • Dihydroxyacetone is an example of a ketose because it contains a keto group (C=O)
  • The ketone group as its most oxidized atom
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4
Q

Aldose

A
  • Is a monosaccaride
  • Glyceraldehyde is an example of an aldose because it contains an aldehyde group (C=O and H)
  • C-1 atom contains aldehyde group
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5
Q

Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde are referred to as _______ because they have three carbon atoms

A

Trioses

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6
Q

Ethryose is referred to as _____ because it has four carbon atoms

A

Tetrose

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7
Q

Ribose, ribulose, deoxyribose, xylose, xyulose are examples of ______ because they have five carbon atoms

A

Pentose

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8
Q

Glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose are examples of ______ because they have six carbon atoms

A

Hexose

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9
Q

Sedoheptulose is referred to as a _______ because it has seven carbon atoms

A

Heptose

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10
Q

If a monosaccharide has eight carbon atoms, it is referred to as ________

A

Octose

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11
Q

Neuraminic acid is an example of a ________ because it has nine carbon atoms

A

Nonose

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12
Q

Common monosaccharides will generally be in _______ form and _______ configuration

A

D-form; D-configuration

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13
Q

D-configuration is when those whose asymmetrical carbon atoms has a hydroxyl group projecting to the _______, whereas L-configurations are those whose whose asymmetrical carbon atoms has a hydroxyl group projecting to the _______

A

right; left

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14
Q

Common 5-carbon sugars are include:

A
  • D-ribose (aldose)
  • D-oxyribose (aldose)

Both above are sugar moieties in nucleic acids DNA and RNA

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15
Q

Common 6-carbon sugars are include:

A
  • D-glucose (aldose)
  • D-mannose (aldose)
  • D-galactose (aldose)
  • D-fructose (ketose)
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16
Q

Constitutional atoms

A

have identical molecular formulas, but differ in the order of the attachment of the atoms

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17
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Where atoms are connected in the same order but differ in spatial arrangement

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18
Q

What are enantiomers?

A
  • A Stereoisomer
  • Pair of molecules, each with one or more chiral centers, where atoms are mirrors of each other
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19
Q

What are chiral centers?

A

A carbon that has 4 unique atoms or groups attached to it

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20
Q

What are diastereoisomers?

A
  • A Stereoisomer
  • Pair of molecules, each w/ more than one asymmetric centre
  • Atoms have opposite configurations; NOT mirrors of each other
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21
Q

What are epimers?

A
  • A Diastereoisomers
  • Pair of molecules (with more than one asymmetric centre) differing at a SINGLE asymmetric centre
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22
Q

What are anomers?

A
  • A Diastereoisomers
  • Differ at the new asymmetric anomeric carbon that’s formed due to the formation of a hemiacetal or hemiketal
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23
Q

A hemiacetal is formed when an ________ reacts with an alcohol

A

aldehyde

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24
Q

A hemiketal is formed when an ________ reacts with an alcohol

A

ketone

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25
Q

A pyranose is formed when the ______ in open chain form reacts with the _______, which forms an intramolecular hemiacetal

A

C1 aldehyde; C-5 hydroxyl,

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26
Q

A furnose is formed when the ________ in open-chain form reacts with the _______, which forms a five-membered cyclic hemiketal

A

C-2 keto group; C-5 hydroxyl group

This can also form if the C-2 keto group reacts with the C-6 hydroxyl group to form six-membered cyclic hemiketal

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27
Q

True or False: Reducing sugars don’t react with solutions of cupric ions while non-reducing sugars do

A

False: Reducing sugars react with solutions of cupric ions while non-reducing sugars do not

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28
Q

As a reducing sugar, glucose can react with _______ to form _______, also known as hemoglobin A1C. In this case, the hemoglobin is ______ functional

A

hemoglobin; glycosylated hemoglobin; fully

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29
Q

Determining and quantifying the amount of A1C hemoglobin in blood allows for what?

A

It allows for long-term monitoring and control of blood glucose levels, which is an important consideration for diabetics who have an increased rate of glycosylation due to increased blood glucose concentrations

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30
Q

Pyranose form predominates when ______ is free in solutions, which can result in a very sweet taste of the solution

A

fructose

31
Q

Furanose form predominates in many ________ derivatives

A

fructose

32
Q

______ and ______ form are classes of conformation for pyranose and furanose

A

chair; boat

33
Q

In chair form, the substituents on the ring carbon atoms have two orientations. Name and describe both these orientations

A

Axial: these bonds are nearly perpendicular to the plane of the ring, hinder each other if they emerge on the same side of the ring

Equatorial: these bonds are nearly parallel to plane, are less crowded

34
Q

A glycosidic bond covalent bond formed between an _______ or ______ of a monosaccharide and an ______, _______, or ______ atom of another molecule. The resulting product of this is a ________

A

aldehyde; ketone; oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur atom; glycoside

35
Q

What is an O-glycosidic bond?

A

Bond formed between the anomeric carbon atom of glucose and a hydroxyl group of another molecule

36
Q

What is a N-glycosidic bond?

A

Bond formed between the anomeric carbon atom of glucose and an amine

37
Q

Oligosaccharides contain two or more _______ linked by ________

A

monosaccharides; o-glycosidic bonds

38
Q

Homoglycan is a _______ type of saccharide

A

single

39
Q

Heteroglycan is a _______ of saccharides

A

mixture

40
Q

Describe a homopolymer

A
  • A polymer made up of many repeating copies of a single repeating unit
  • All monosaccharide units in a polysaccharide are the same
41
Q

Cellulose is a major polysaccharide of ________ found in plants, which serves more ______ roles than _______ roles, for example, acts as a important component to the cell wall

A

glucose; structural; nutritional

42
Q

Disaccharide are carbohydrate consisting of __________ joined by an __________

A

two sugars; O-glycosidic bond

43
Q

True or False: Glycotransferases are a number of specific enzymes that catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds

A

True

44
Q

Oligosaccharides are synthesized through the action of ___________

A

glycotransferases

45
Q

Monosaccharide substrate for glycotransferases is activated by the attachment to _________, which are activated __________

A

uridine diphosphate (UDP); sugar nucleotides

46
Q

Sucrose is…

a) a common table sugar
b) obtained from sugar cane and sugar beets
c) both

A

c) both

47
Q

In sucrose, the anomeric carbon atom of ________ and
________ are joined; configuration of this glycosidic linkage is ______ for glucose and ______ for fructose

A

glucose unit; fructose unit; alpha; beta

48
Q

What is invertase?

A

When sucrose is cleaved into its component monosaccharides by enzyme sucrose

49
Q

What is lactose?

a) A disaccharide of milk
b) consists of galactose joined by a B-1,4 glycosidic linkage
c) both

A

c) both

50
Q

Lactose is hydrolyzed to these monosaccharides by _____ in humans and ______ in bacteria

A

lactase; B-galactosidase

51
Q

Maltose is…

a) three glucose units joined by an a-1,6 glycosidic bond
b) three glucose units joined by an a-1,4 glycosidic bond
c) two glucose units joined by an a-1,4 glycosidic bond

A

c) two glucose units joined by an a-1,4 glycosidic bond

52
Q

Maltose comes from the hydrolysis of large _________, such as starch or glycogen), and is in turn, hydrolyzed to glucose by ______ (a-glucosidase)

A

polymeric oligosaccharides; maltase

53
Q

Name the three classes of glycoproteins

A
  1. Glycoproteins
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Mucins
54
Q

Glycoproteins are….

A

Protein that have specific carbohydrate moiety attached

(Form when a carbohydrate group can be covalently attached to a protein)

55
Q

Proteoglycans are ______ containing one or more covalently linked __________ chain

A

proteins; glycosaminoglycan

56
Q

The protein component of proteoglycans are conjugated a particular polysaccharide known as ________

A

glycosaminoglycan

57
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

A heteropolysaccharide made up of repeating polysaccharide units containing the amino sugar glucosamine or galactosamine)

58
Q

True or False: Mucins consist mainly of a carbohydrate where the protein component is extensively glycosylated to serine or threonine residues by N-acetylgalactosamine

A

True

59
Q

True or False: Mucins do not serve important roles in digestion

A

False: Mucins serve as lubricants and do have important roles in digestion

60
Q

Cartilage is composed of __________ and ________

a) proteoglycan aggrecan and collagen
b) collagen and mucin
c) glycosaminoglycans and collagen

A

a) proteoglycan aggrecan and collagen

61
Q

Glycosaminoglycan component of aggrecan cushions join by _______ water on impact, then _______ water

A

releasing; rebinding

62
Q

True or False: Chitin is the least abundant carbohydrates in the world

A

False: Chitin (glycosaminoglycan found in exoskeleton of insects) is one of the most abundant carbohydrates in the world

63
Q

Human ABO groups reflect ______ of glycotransferases

A

specificity

64
Q

True or False: All blood groups share the oligosaccharide foundation called O (or sometimes H) antigen

A

True

65
Q

In blood type A, _________ is added to the O by a specific glycosyltransferase

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

66
Q

In blood type B, ______ is added by another transferase

A

galactose

67
Q

True or False: In blood type O, there are active glycosyltransferases

A

False: In blood type O, there are no active glycosyltransferases

68
Q

What are lectins?

A

Lectins are specific carbohydrate binding proteins

69
Q

Lectins are a particular class of ____________

A

Glycan-binding proteins

70
Q

Lectins on one cell recognize and bind to _______ on another cell with multiple __________. Such binding facilitates ___________

A

carbohydrates; weak interactions; cell-cell interaction

71
Q

In response to injury or infection, ________ will travel through the vasculature and will be recruited to sites of injury or infection by adhering to ____________ and traversing through the lining

A

lymphocytes; endothelial cells

72
Q

Sectins are a class of

a) proteins
b) lectins
c) lipids

A

b) lectins

73
Q

True to False: Some selectins bind immune cells to sites of injury

A

True

74
Q

True or False: Some selectins allow attachment of an embryo to the mother’s uterus

A

True

KIN 217 - Human Biochemistry (34 decks)

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