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KIN 217 - Human Biochemistry > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Unity of Biochemistry refer to?

A
  • The uniformity of organisms at the molecular levels
  • Uniformity means being the same in form, manner, appearance, or degree
  • Uniformity reveals that all organisms on Earth have arisen from a common ancestor
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2
Q

What three molecules make up 98% of atoms in an organism?

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon

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3
Q

Which bonds are stronger: C-C bonds OR S-S bonds?

A

C-C bonds

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4
Q

True or False: More energy is released when Silicon reacts with Carbon to undergo combustion compared to C-C bonds

A

False. More energy is released when C-C bonds undergo combustion compared to when Silicon reacts with Carbon

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5
Q

True or False: Silicon and Carbon can both form 4 covalent bonds

A

True

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6
Q

Large molecules are predominately made up of which molecule?

A

Carbon

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7
Q

Fuel molecules are made up entirely of which molecules?

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon

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8
Q

What are the four major classes of biomolecules?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Nucleic Acids
  3. Lipids
  4. Carbohydrates
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9
Q

True or False: Proteins are constructed from 20 amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds to form long unbranched polymers

A

True

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10
Q

True or False: Amino acids are polymers for proteins

A

False. Proteins are polymers for amino acids

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11
Q

True or False: The way proteins functions depend on how their folded/structured

A

True

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12
Q

List 3 structural roles proteins have

A
  1. Mobility
  2. Provide defense against environmental dangers
  3. Act as catalysts
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13
Q

What do proteins do as catalysts?

A

They help enhance the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently affected themselves

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14
Q

True or False: Proteins act as receptors for signal molecule but DO NOT act as signal molecules themselves

A

False. Proteins are signal molecules and can act as receptors for signal molecules. Receptors convey messages to the cell that a signal has been received, and initiates a cellular response

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15
Q

True or False: Nucleic acids are information keepers. They store and transfer information and contain instructions for all cellular functions and interactions

A

True

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16
Q

True or False: Nucleic acids are constructed from 5 building blocks, known as nucleotides

A

False. Nucleic acids are constructed from 4 building blocks, known as nucleotides

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17
Q

Nucleic acids are constructed from 4 nucleotides containing…

A
  1. A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
  2. Attached to a heterocyclic ring structure (base)
  3. Have at-least 1 phosphoryl group
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18
Q

True or False: Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides

A

True. Nucleic acids (polymers) are composed of nucleotides (monomers)

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19
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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20
Q

What are the four bases or nucleotides of DNA

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

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21
Q

True or False: RNA exists as a double stranded helix where the adenine interacts with thymine, and cytosine interacts with guanine

A

False

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22
Q

RNA is…

a) a single-stranded form of nucleic acid
b) a similar to DNA, where thymine is replaced with uracil, and the sugar component of ribonucleotides contains an additional (-OH) group
c) all of the above

A

c) all of the above

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23
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Some regions of DNA are copied as a special class of RNA molecules, known as mRNA (messenger RNA). mRNA acts as a template for the synthesis of proteins and is generally broken down after use, unlike DNA

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24
Q

True or False. Lipids are bigger than proteins and nucleic acids

A

False. Lipids are smaller than proteins and nucleic acids

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25
Q

True or False. Lipids are polymers

A

False. Lipids ARE NOT polymers made up of repeating units

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26
Q

True or False. Lipids have a dual chemical nature that allows lipids to form barriers that separate the cell from its environment

A

True

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27
Q

What is hydrophillic?

A

Part of the molecule that can dissolve in water

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28
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Part of the molecule that cannot dissolve in water

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29
Q

True or False: Hydrocarbons chain can interact with water

A

False. Hydrocarbon chains cannot interact with water, and instead, interact with other lipids to form a barrier (membrane)

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30
Q

True or False: Lipids are an important storage form of energy

A

True

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31
Q

True or False: Lipids are crucial signal molecules

A

True

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32
Q

_______ are important fuel sources

A

Carbohydrates

33
Q

In animals, glucose is stored as ________

A

Glycogen

34
Q

In plants, glucose is stored as ________

A

Starch

35
Q

True or False: Some highly branched chains of carbohydrates play important roles in helping cells recognize each other

A

True

36
Q

True or False: Many components of the cell exterior have carbohydrates decorated on them, which can be identified by other cells - acting as a site of cell-to-cell interaction

A

True

37
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

The central dogma states that information flows from DNA to RNA to Protein. It is a scheme that underlies information processing at the level of gene expression that was first proposed by Francis Crick

DNA (replication) - transcription - RNA - translation - Protein

38
Q

What is the Genome?

A

The heritable information, genetic material in an organism

39
Q

What are Genes?

A

Discrete subunits that the heritable information is packaged into

40
Q

What catalyzes the replication process?

a) RNA Polymerase
b) DNA polymerase
c) mRNA

A

b) DNA Polymerase

41
Q

What is replication?

A

The process of copying the genome

42
Q

In translation, information is translated from the ____ form into a _____

A

chemical form (nucleic acid); protein

43
Q

True or False: Translation takes place on large macromolecular complexes (ribosomes) consisting of RNA and protein

A

True

44
Q

True or False: Membranes are lipid bilayers, consisting of two layers of lipids organized with hydrophobic chains interacting with the environment and hydrophilic heads interacting with one another

A

False: Membranes are lipid bilayers, consisting of two layers of lipids organized with hydrophobic chains interacting with one another and hydrophilic heads interacting with the environment

45
Q

Describe Eukaryotes

A
  • Have membrane enclosed compartments
  • Cells have nucleus
  • Contain organelles
46
Q

Describe Prokaryotes

A
  • Don’t have membrane enclosed compartments
  • Cells don’t have a nucleus
  • Has 2 taxonomic domains: bacteria and archaea
  • Simple structure, surrounded by two membranes separated by periplasmic space
  • Helps process digestion, provide nutrients, and protect us from harmful microorganisms
  • Many can cause a wide array of diseases
47
Q

True or False: Microbiomes are a collection of microorganisms that live in a particular environment

A

True

48
Q

What two biochemical features minimally constitute a cell?

A
  1. There must be a barrier that separates the cell from its environment
  2. There must be an inside that is chemically different environment and accommodates the biochemistry of living
49
Q

What is the role of the Plasma Membrane

A

It separates the inside of the cell from the outside

50
Q

True or False: Selective permeability occurs due to the work of proteins embedded in the plasma membrane or associated with it

A

True. These proteins facilitate the entrance of fuels (ex. glucose) and building blocks (ex. amino acids) and they transduce information (ex. that insulin is in the bloodstream)

51
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A
  • The inner substance of the cell; material surrounded by plasma membrane
  • Site of the host of biochemical processes, including initial stage of glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and protein synthesis
52
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A
  • highly organized network of structural filaments
  • internal scaffolding of cells, made up of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that enables cells to transport vesicles, change shape, and migrate
53
Q

Which of the following true of the Nucleus?

a) is the information center of the cell
b) is the location for an organism’s genome
c) is the largest organelle
d) has pores that allow transport in and out of nucleus
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

54
Q

True or False: 50% of the energy used by a typical cell is produced in the mitochondria

A

False: Approximately 90% of the energy used by a typical cell is produced in the mitochondria

55
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria?

A

This organelle is where fuels undergo combustion into CO2 and H2O with the generation of cellular energy (ATP)

56
Q

What two membranes does the mitochondrial have?

A
  1. Outer mitochondrial membrane - in touch with the cytoplasm
  2. Inner mitochondrial membrane - defines the matrix of the mitochondrian
57
Q

What do chloroplasts power?

A

The plant, the plant cell, and the living world

58
Q

True or False: Chloroplasts are a single-membrane bounded organelle found in plants and animals

A

False: Chloroplasts are a double-membrane bounded organelle found in plants only

59
Q

Chloroplasts are the site of conversion of _____ into chemical energy; a process known as _____

A

sunlight; photosynthesis

60
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

network of sac-like structures and tubes in the cytoplasm of a cell

61
Q

What are the differences between Rough ER and Smooth ER?

A

Rough ER: attached to ribosomes on cytoplasmic side
Smooth ER: not attached to ribosomes. Play several roles in processing exogenous chemicals (chemicals from outside cells – drugs) - the more drugs ingested, the greater the quantity of smooth ER in liver

62
Q

Describe features of Ribosomes

A
  • Are made up of RNA and protein
  • Is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
  • Reads the mRNA sequence and translate that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins (basically produces proteins)
63
Q

Describe the Golgi Complex

A
  • It is a stack of membranous sacs.
  • Transport vesicles from rough ER are carried to Golgi complex and fuse w/ it
  • Further processing of proteins (that were contained in transport vesicles) take place in the Golgi Complex. -
64
Q

Secretory (Zymogen) Granules are formed when a _____ filled with proteins, destined for secretion, buds off the ______

A

vesicle; Golgi Complex

65
Q

Describe Exocytosis

A

A Granule is directed towards the cell membrane. When the proper signal is received, secretory granules fuse with the plasma membrane and dumps its cargo into extracellular environment

Essentially, vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, but leaves is cargo outside the cell

66
Q

Describe Endocytosis

A

Material is taken into the cell, plasma membrane invaginates, than buds off to form an endosome

Essentially, a substance from outside the cell is engulfed with the cell membrane, bringing it to the inside of the cell. This forms an endosome

67
Q

True or False: In Phagocytosis, large amounts of material are taken into the cell

A

True

68
Q

True or False: Lysosomes fuse with the cell membrane

A

False: Lysosomes form in a manner like secretory granules, but fuse with the endosome instead of cell membrane. After fusion, lysosomal enzymes digest the material, releasing small molecules that can be used as building blocks or fuel by the cell

69
Q

True or False: Lysosomes don’t degrade extracellular material

A

True

70
Q

True or False: A plant vacuole may occupy up to 80% of a cells volume

A

True

71
Q

What do plant vacuoles store?

A
  • Ions
  • Water
  • Various nutrients
72
Q

True or False: Proteins transport the molecules across vacuolar membrane

A

True

73
Q

Trace the pathway of the formation of a secretory protein from its gene to its exocytosis from the cell

A
  • The gene is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into the protein on ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
  • The protein enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, is sequestered into transport vesicles, and moves to the Golgi complex, where the protein is modified
  • The protein is packaged into secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, resulting in the exocytosis of the protein
74
Q

Polysaccharides and disaccharides are polymers of what?

A

Monosaccharides

75
Q

During transcription, which of the following is NOT found associated with the RNA polymerase at some point during the process

a) the DNA double helix
b) ribosomes
c) single-strangded RNA
d) the RNA-DNA hybrid helix

A

b) ribosomes

Ribosomes are located out the nucleus of the cell

76
Q

What might be an effect if DNA nucleotide bases in a double helix were held together by covalent bonds rather than hydrogen bonds?

A

Replication of DNA, which requires separation of the two strands, would require a larger input of energy

77
Q

Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. Which statement is NOT true about proteins?

a) The ordered structure of folded proteins decreases the total entropy of the system
b) Nonpolar amino acids tend to associate with one another in the interior of the folded proteins
c) Protein folding proceeds spontaneously under appropriate conditions
d) The hydrophobic effect drives protein folding.

A

a) The ordered structure of folded proteins decreases the total entropy of the system

The entropy losses from the folding process are compensated by an effect from nonpolar groups

78
Q

Which of the following does NOT have a double membrane?

a) a nucleus
b) a chloroplast
c) a mitochondrian
d) an endosome

A

d) an endosome

Endosomes, the vesicles that surround and transport exogenous chemicals into the cell, bud off from the plasma membrane, which is a single-layer membrane

KIN 217 - Human Biochemistry (34 decks)

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