Chapter 1; Your World, Your Health Flashcards
premature death is “____”
dying before your time
the risks for premature death attributed to different factors are 40% of […] […], 30% of […], 20% of […] & […], and 10% of […] […]
individual behavior
genetics
social & environmental
health care
the US spends [more or less] on health care than any other high income country
more
in healthcare; do Americans have the [highest or lowest] life expectancy at birth and a [greater or lower] prevalence of chronic disease prevalence of chronic diseases compared to the citizens of other high income countries
lower
greater
in healthcare; what care act was implemented in 2010 in the US
the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA)
In healthcare; why do Americans spend more money on drugs, tests, and fees but do not reap the benefit of healthier and longer lives?
many individuals turn to health care only when something bad has already happened.
in genetics and health; the human genome contains about […] genes
20,500
Of the 20,500 genes since we only differ from every other human on earth by %1, it determines our unique […], our potential for specific […] and our response to […] factors, including therapeutic drugs
appearance
diseases
external
when DNA is reproducing, what happens when genetic instructions produce a damaged protein, extra protein, or no protein at all
genetic mutation
single gene mutations are responsible for more than […] disorders
10,000
tay Sachs disease which is reason for risk of premature death, is a rare, inherited disorder that destroys [… cells in the […] and […] cord
nerve
brain
spinal
sickle cell anemia which is a reason for risk of premature death, is an inherited group of disorders, where red blood cells contort into a […] shape. The cells […] early, leaving a […] of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anemia), and can block […] flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).
sickle
die
shortage
blood
Is the study of genetic variation, or genomics, increasingly important in the development of treatments and drugs
yes
from 1960 to 2010 life expectancy increased by […] years
6.9
social determinants are associated with a third of premature deaths in the US
yes
Healthy People 2020, which was launched in 2010’s five domains are 1. […] Stability, 2. […] and […] Environment, 3. […], 4. Community and […] Context, and 5. the […] care system
economic
neighborhood, physical
education
social
health
can not being able to read or understand English have a tremendous impact on taking care of oneself or one’s family
yes
the term sex in biology, refers to genetic expression of the […] inherited from one’s parents
genes
men have an XY chromosome in every cell of the body
yes
women have an XX chromosome in every cell of the body
yes
since biological males and females can express different symptoms when ill they may experience sensations such as […] differently; and respond differently to […] and […], including addictive ones
pain
medications
substances
intersex is when there is undetermined genitalia at birth, where some cells contain XX and others XY or other variations
yes
gender is a social or cultural concept that reflects how men and women, boys and girls, are meant to […] and […].
look
behave
by the age of […] or […]., children will express strong identities as girls or boys, which are then […] or […] by their parents, teachers, or others in the social world
2
3
reinforced
discouraged
gender nonconforming is when children behave in ways that are […] with their biological references
discordant
e.g. girl playing with truck, boy playing with doll
the term transgender refers to a range of behaviors associated with changing gender. some have gender reassignment surgery and take hormones
yes
sexual orientation refers to being sexually and romantically attracted to persons of the […] or […] sex
same
opposite
heterosexual prefers the […] sex. bisexual prefers members of […] sex. and homosexual which consistently prefers the […] sex
opposite
either
same
on average, women live [longer or shorter] than men but they also experience [more or less] days of illness or disability
longer
more
the XY genotype is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the risk of […], […] cancer, and […] cancer
hemophilia
prostate
testicular
being the XX was associated with a greater risk of […] and […] cancer, and all maternal causes of death
breast
ovarian
are boys or girls slightly born more alive
slightly more boys
105>100
in most cultures, do slightly more girls or boys survive infancy
girls
however, there are many societies where the perceived need and desire for [female or male] leads to parents killing [female or male] infants at birth through either […] or […]
male
female
neglect
force
those who self identified as gay or lesbian were more likely to engage in smoking and drinking than their heterosexual counterparts
yes
the LGBT community is the group that faces the most hate crimes, and intimate partner violence than their heterosexual partners do
yes
in the population hispanics are predicted to double
yes
ancestry is determined by comparing mitochondrial […] (passed down from [mother] and some markers on your […] chromosomes (from your father)
DNA
Y
many social scientists assert that race is not based in […] but constructed by […]
biology
society
skin color is controlled by more than […] genetic loci. which, the genes, regulate […] production and the skins reaction to […] of various wavelengths
378
melanin
light
Anthropologist Nina Jablonski pointed out that human skin color is related to distance from the […].
equator
darker - protect against the harmful effects of too much exposure.
lighter - developed lighter hues and more efficient at synthesizing vitamin D from sunlight
ethnic identity is when many share cultural traits, such as […], appearance, […], religion, dress and meaningful symbols, and have a common […] homeland
language
food
ancestral
sickle cell disease is when the hemoglobin is not normally shaped as a disc, rather it is sickle and forms a sickle or crescent shape, making it to where it can’t move easily through blood vessels. overall, causing a blockage or slowing the flow of blood, not allowing oxygen to reach nearby tissues
yes
tay sachs disease is a neurodegenerative disease where babies appear normal at birth, but begin to show symptoms at 4 to 6 months of age. then they gradually lose their sight, hearing, and swallowing abilities, and usually die by the age of 5 years
yes
in the US, young adulthood is a fairly […] time of life from a disease perspective. the major health risks in this age group are […]-related
safe
behavior
in young adulthood, […]-inflicted harm is the greatest cause of death, often in association with overdose or misuse of drugs and alcohol
self
substance misuse and abuse can be triggered by elevated levels of […] or other […] discomfort; which our […] plays a role in
stress
emotion
environment
in the early part of the 20th century, the leading causes of disease and death in the US were directly tied to […] conditions
environmental
although the environment affects everyone, the risk of exposure to poor quality environments or having access to safe and salubrious spaces is largely a matter of how society allocates […]
resources
social scientists use an ecological model, to begin identifying the […] of problems and potential points of […]. purpose is to look at […] laters of a problem and work on […] to these
roots
intervention
outer
solution
[…] cause analysis is a technique from engineering used to analyze what went wrong in a disaster.
root
individual level forces identifies […] and […] history factors that increase the likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator
biological
personal
e.g. ; age, eduction, income, substance use, and history of abuse
prevention strategies; education and life skills training
relationship level forces examines close […] that may increase the risk of experiencing violence as a victim or perpetrator
relationships
e.g. peers, partners and family members
prevention strategies; parenting or family focused prevention programs, and ,encoring, and peer programs designed to reduce conflict, foster problem solving skills, and promote healthy relationships
community-level forces explores the […], in which social relationships occur and seeks to identify the characteristics of these setting that are associated with becoming victims or perpetrators of violence
settings
e.g. schools, workplaces, and neighborhoods
prevention strategies; designed to impact the social and physical environment
societal level forces look at the […] societal factors that help create a climate in which violence is encouraged or inhibited
broad
e.g. social and cultural norms that support violence as an acceptable way to resolve conflicts
forces that affect people at the individual, social network or community/population level are referred to as “[…] fields of influence”
people
forces that are linked to a higher administrative level (state, nation, world) are referred to as “[…] fields of influence”
place
health communication can […] policies and regulations contributing to social determinants; […], [….], and […] individuals to choose healthier behaviors; […] individuals to access health care, interact with healthcare providers, and follow health care instructions; work with healthcare providers to be better communicators
inform
educate, motivate, and persuade
assist
