Chapter 02; Communication 101; What's Health Got to Do with It? Flashcards
Communication is how people [….] and use […] to make common meaning
perceive
messages
communication failures illustrate the point that communication travels back and forth between a sender and a receiver.if the response (how we know that a message has been understood as intended), we believe our communication was successful
yes
the definition of communication is how people use messages to generate […] within and across various contexts, cultures, channels, and media
meaning
Barnlund emphasized that communication “…is not a […] to something, nor an […] with something, but a […] in which man invents and attributes meaning to realize his purposes”
reaction
interaction
transaction
[…] is the process where the first individual (the sender) puts thoughts into words, symbols, or gestures
encoding
[…] is when the second individual upon receiving the words, symbols, or gestures; applies […] to them
decoding
meaning
in the context that the message may encounter noise (communication); noise is any type of distortion or distraction
distortion
distraction
when communicating, symbols must be understood in the […] way for those communicating
same
mood is one of many factors that influence our ability to use our sense to take in […]
information
our perceptions are influenced by our […] attitudes, motives, experiences, and expectations
internal
characteristics of the object being perceived or the context of the situation can also influence perception
- characteristics (e.g motion, sounds, size, novelty)
- context (e.g. time, place, ambient conditions)
Weiner developed the attribution theory which is the act of perceiving an event or a behavior, where also attempting to determine what brought it about, or its cause
yes
the attribution theory classified that we mentally calculate the other individuals distinctiveness; does the person […] in this manner in other situations, consensus; do […] people behave in the same manner, consistency; does this person behave in the same manner at other […]
behave
other
times
externally attributed is when […] factors influence the choice of an individual
outside
internally attributed is when actions are done by the individuals […] will
own
cognitive dissonance is […] of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors which results in an uncomfortable state
misalignment
when being in a cognitive dissonance, to restore a state of comfort, we try to change the condition that is out of line with the others- change our […] and […] to align with our behavior, or change our behavior to align with our attitudes and beliefs
attitudes
beliefs
as infants we learn to associate word units of sound ([…]) and meaning ([…])
phonemes
morphemes
one way the brain deals with information overload is by […] and […] new information to old. once we have managed to learn something, we tend to rely on it as a kind of “[…]” to interpret new information
simplifying
linking
shortcut
selective perception is interpretation of what we see based on our own […], […], […], and […] and the tendency to […] information that contradicts those beliefs
interests
background
experiences
attitudes
overlook
the halo effect is a general […] about someone/something based on a single characteristics (e.g. eye color or height)
impression
contrast effect is the […] evaluation of a person, object, or characteristic as […], or […], than our own
comparative
better
worse
projection is the attribution of our […] characteristics to […]
own
others
representativeness is how much a […] perception resembles something that we have seen […], again based on a limited set of characteristics
new
before
stereotyping is a form of representativeness based on our […] of the group to which we believe someone belongs
perception
availability is the use of only readily available information to make a decision.
available
e.g.
this happens when you estimate your chance of having a problem or condition by counting only how many of your friends had something similar
anchoring and adjustment is in quantitative situations, people start with a “ballpark” figure (the anchor) and […] up or down to reach an estimate . can be wildly […] and influenced by […]
adjust
inaccurate
context
our ability to pay attention to new information is also affected by how we […] about it
care
the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) suggests that if you are already […] in an issue, you will pay more […] to get new information about it
engaged
attention
without […], other stimuli are needed to grab our attention
engagement
in the central route, we are […] engaged in the topic and think about the information […]
actively
carefully
in the peripheral route, we are […] engaged in the topic, if at all
less
the most successful communication will be [simple or complicated], [brief or long], show clear lines of cause and effect, grab […], and take advantage of decision rules and heuristics
simple
brief
attention
perception, how we process information, and heuristics all influence not only how a message is […], but also whether someone chooses to […] on that message
received
act
Our health can be affected by physical environment, the limiting or enabling factors created by our society, as well as our own […] and […] (+more; called the ecological model)
physical
behavior
biology
reciprocally, our physical condition and behavior affect the health and social welfare of others and we obviously affect the physical environment (called the ecological model)
yes
interventions conducted on […] levels of the ecological model are more effective than those focusing solely on […] level
multiple
one
in the ecological level; […], […], […], the primary interventions are policies, laws, treaties, “movements,” and emergencies
state
national
global
in the ecological model level, […] and […] conditions’ primary interventions are environmental conditions, hours, and policies
living
working
in the ecological model level of […], […], and […], social norms, elimination of social disparities, provision of community health and social services, cultural “rules” for group behavior
social
community
family
in the ecological model level […] behavior is acquisition of beliefs, attitudes, motivation, self efficacy, products, and services through social marketing, behavior change communications, paid advertising, or psychological counseling
individual
in the ecological model level, […] biology, […]’ is the prevention of treatment of illness
individual
physiology
an ecological approach to health communication suggests that all factors affecting a situation should be […] and that upstream factors be considered prior to […] to change individual behavior
explored
efforts
side note; communication alone cannot change some systematic determinants of poor health, such as toxic waste, a poor social environment, limited healthcare resources, or poverty
+
if policymakers who determine national, state, and local laws, regulations, and public services have not received crucial information or been moved to action, we can use policy communication and advocacy to promote change
designing information to be “[clear or difficult], [compelling or dismissal], [actionable or forgettable], and [available or private] to all who need it…” is hard
clear
compelling
actionable
available
when communicating with audiences we may need to create […] versions of messages and materials, and extend the time we allow for communication activities
multiple
there are many at-risk consumers who have […] access to relevant health information, including the elderly, immigrants, and those with low socioeconomic status, limited literacy, and disabilities. may have barriers to […] information, especially if online, or […] information because of cognitive deficits or linguistic abilities
limited
accessing
understanding
in health communication it is important to pay special attention to culture and belief systems. communication can occur only if people share a […]symbol system
common
many people are simply not […] to seek out health information, deliberately […] it when it is presented to them, and possibly […] it when forced to confront it
motivated
ignore
negate
most people do not consider computed […] and […] size when thinking about risk. it is critical when trying to gain attention for prevention […] and particularly when we are dealing with […] of risk . called risk perception
probabilities
population
messages
presentation
positive self opinion in the language of a risk is called [….] bias
optimism
since many don’t take seriously the risks, they form cognitive dissonance, we attenuate or […] the risk because this allows us to […] with the many risks and events we encounter every day
lessen
cope
people tend to underestimate their risk if the hazard is; voluntary/chosen, natural, known trusted, and controlled
voluntary/chosen; risk we choose to take seems less hazardous than one imposed upon us
natural; if it comes from a natural event, we think it is less likely to hurt us
known; risks that are known and we have experience with are less likely to be concerning to us than new or “exotic” risks, even if the known risk is more hazardous
trusted; the more confidence we have in those who are responsible for our protection , the less we feel worried about the effect on us
controlled the more we think that the response to the risk is being managed well and the agencies responsible are being honest, the less at risk we feel
people tend to overestimate risk if the risk is risk is perceived as opposite of these of these characteristics; dread, childhood impact, personal impact, previous exposure, rarity, and fairness
dread; which idea frightens you more
childhood impact; the survival of the species depends on the survival of its offspring; risks to children appear to be more serious than the same risks to adults
personal impacts; any risk can seem greater to us if we or others close to us are the victims
previous exposure; when can remember a previous risk, the future risk is easier to imagine and seems greater
rarity; unusual events, such as nuclear accident, are perceived as riskier than more commonplace risks, such as car accident. (such unusual events are more fear-producing than everyday occurrences, even though our chances of being in a car accident are far higher
fairness; people who feel that they are at higher risk because of who they are or where they live may believe that things are not “fair.” e.g, if chemical plant is in a poor neighborhood the residents may feel they are at a higher risk to develop cancer, even if evidence does not support that fear
the evolution of the health communication field has produced numerous approaches for practitioners to […], […], and […] individuals about personal-group-, and community-level health
engage
inform
persuade
important considerations for assessing causality:
strength of association
meaning; What is the magnitude of relative risk?
rules of evidence; the probability of a causal association increases as the summary relative risk estimate increases. Hill himself was suspicious of relative risks less than two. others have set the limits higher; however, a relative risk less than two does not rule out the possibility of casualty
important considerations for assessing casualty; dose-response
meaning; Does a correlation exist between exposure and effect?
Rules of evidence; a regularly increasing relationship between dose and magnitude is indicative of a causal association. this works for bad things, such as the greater exposure to radiation, the worse your symptoms (usually). it also work for things we are trying to measure in behavior change, such as if you are exposed to 10 advertisement as opposed to 1, will your behavior be any different?
important considerations for assessing casualty ; consistency of response
meaning: how many times has this effect been reported in various populations under similar conditions?
rules of evidence: the probability of a causal association increases as the proportion of studies with similar (e.g. positive) results increases
important considerations for assessing casualty; temporally correct association
meaning; does the exposure precede the effect, or does the occurrence of the disease show the appropriate latency?
rules of evidence; Exposure to causal factor must precede the effect. this is immutable requirement that is often ignored
important considerations for assessing casualty; specificity of the association
meaning; how specific is this effect? Do many things influence the effect?
rules of evidence; although a mechanism of action is not a requirement for determining causality, the finding of causality should not be biologically implausible. in contrast, a plausible mechanism of action or other supportive evidence increases the probability of a causal association
important considerations for assessing casualty; biological plausibility
meaning; is the mechanism of action known or reasonably postulated>
rules of evidence; although a mechanism of action is not a requirement for determining causality, the finding of causality should not be biologically implausible. in contest, a plausible mechanism of action or other supportive evidence increases the probability of a causal association
important considerations for assessing casualty; coherence
meaning; does the cause effect interpretation seriously conflict with generally known facts of the natural history and biology of the disease?
rules of evidence: [….]
important consideration for assessing casualty: experimental evidence
meaning: do laboratory animals show a similar effect?
rules of evidence: as in the previous two criteria, findings in laboratory animals are supportive of a causal association. however, materials such as cigarettes, benzene, and arsenic that are notably carcinogenic to humans have all tested negative in animal studies
important consideration for assessing casualty: analogy
meaning; do structure similar chemicals cause similar effects?
rules of evidence; for some classes of compounds, such as nitrosamines, structure-activity predictions can be supportive of a casual association. in contrast , materials such as organotins do not lend themselves to cross-class extrapolations
