Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

Question 0

Replicate

Answer 0

Repeating the essence of a research study (usually by a different person in a different population)

Question 1

Operational definitions

Answer 1

The definition of terms in an experiment so that the experiment could be replicated

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

A testable prediction (implied by a theory)

Question 3

Case study

Answer 3

An observational technique where one person (or small group) is studied in depth

Question 4

Survey

Answer 4

A technique to gather data, usually with a questionnaire from a population

Question 5

Naturalistic observation

Answer 5

Observing something in its natural environment (from afar, for a long time)

Question 6

Population

Answer 6

All the cases in a group being studied from where samples may be taken from

Question 7

Ethics (animals and humans)

Answer 7

Rights (ethical, unethical) without cruelty

Question 8

Negative correlation

Answer 8

Where one variable goes up while the other goes down.

Question 9

Positive correlation

Answer 9

Where both variables go up together

Question 10

Illusory correlations

Answer 10

Myths; where correlations which are not there are made to believe they are

Question 11

Correlations

Answer 11

Extent of which two factors vary together and therefore how well one predicts the other

Question 12

Scatter plots

Answer 12

Cluster of dots, each representing a result

Question 13

Statistical significance

Answer 13

A statistical statement of how likely an obtained result occurred by chance

Question 14

Hindsight bias

Answer 14

The “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon. Assuming you know something you didn’t.

Question 15

Median (measures of central tendency)

Answer 15

The middle answer

Question 16

Statistical reasoning

Answer 16

Using statistical evidence/results

Question 17

Normal curve

Answer 17

Bell shaped curve; used for most of nature

Question 18

Drug therapies

Answer 18

Therapies using drugs

Question 19

Theory

Answer 19

An organized observational/prediction explanation

Question 20

Empirical approach

Answer 20

You learn from experience; nurture

Question 21

Overconfidence

Answer 21

Overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Question 22

Culture

Answer 22

Customs/traditions if a certain group of people transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 23

Bargraph

Answer 23

A type of graph

Question 24

Mode (measure of central tendency)

Answer 24

The most frequently occurring number

Question 25

Correlation coefficient

Answer 25

Statistical relationship between two things (-1~1)

Question 26

Critical thinking

Answer 26

Thinking that does not blindly accept explanations, but assumes, evaluates, and assess.

Question 27

Standard deviation

Answer 27

A computed measure of how much scores very around the mean score

Question 28

Mean ( measure of central tendency)

Answer 28

The average

Question 29

Range (measures of variability)

Answer 29

The difference between the highest and lowest score

Question 30

Random assignment

Answer 30

To randomly assign people in an experiment to the control and experimental group

Question 31

Dependent variable

Answer 31

Sarabel affected by the independent variable (the outcome, product)

Question 32

Random sample

Answer 32

A sample that represents a population where everyone has a fair chance of inclusion

Question 33

Representative sample

Answer 33

Taking a random sample from within groups (dividing population into subgroups)

Question 34

Independent variable

Answer 34

Variable controlled in experiment

Question 35

Experimental condition group

Answer 35

Group that is changed (the independent variable is changed)

Question 36

Double-blind procedure

Answer 36

Experiment where both experimenters and people in experiment do not know which has the placebo

Question 37

Control condition group

Answer 37

Group in an experiment that is not changed

Question 38

Experiment

Answer 38

A research method where you manipulate independent variables to observe the effect in behavior or mental process

Question 39

Placebo effect

Answer 39

A sugar pill. the placebo effect- where people believe something works and therefore gets better with the placebo