Chapter 1: The Red Blood Cell & Blood Vessels

Question 1

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

Answer 1

Transport blood to and from the lungs

Question 2

What does the Systemic Circuit do?

Answer 2

Transport oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body & returns deoxygenated blood and CO2 to the heart

Question 3

What does the right ventricle do?

Answer 3

Pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries

Question 4

Pulmonary arteries

Answer 4

FLOW TOWARD LUNGS
-include the pulmonary trunk artery
-bifurcates
-left and right
-flow to pulmonary capillaries
-gas exchange occurs
-co2 exits and o2 enters

Question 5

Pulmonary Veins

Answer 5

FLOW FROM LUNGS
-receive highly oxygenated blood from pulmonary capillaries
-empties blood into the left atrium

Question 6

What does the left atrium do?

Answer 6

pumps the blood into the left ventricle

Question 7

What does the left ventricle do?

Answer 7

-pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta

Question 8

Systemic Arteries

Answer 8

lead to systemic capillaries

Question 9

Systemic Capillaries

Answer 9

unite to form venules

Question 11

Venules

Answer 11

empty into the systemic veins

Question 12

Systemic Veins

Answer 12

return blood to the right atrium

Question 13

What is the right atrium responsible for?

Answer 13

bringing blood back to the right ventricle

Question 14

What is the blood made up of?

Answer 14

red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets

Question 15

primary function of the blood

Answer 15

-deliver oxygen & nutrients
-remove waste
-Red blood cells primarily responsible for this function

Question 16

Erythrocyte

Answer 16

-most common element of blood
- 7-8 micrometers
-pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs
pick up some CO2 waste

Question 17

More erythrocyte facts

Answer 17

-biconcave disk
-plump at their periphery
-very thin at center
-contain hemoglobin

Question 18

Hemoglobin

Answer 18

-large molecule made up of proteins and iron

Question 19

Globin

Answer 19

-protein found in hemoglobin
- 4 folded chains
-bound to red pigment molecule called Heme

Question 20

Heme

Answer 20

-contains an ion of iron
-each can bind to one O2 molecule
-can transport 4 oxygen molecules

Question 21

Hemoglobin

Answer 21

-300 million hemoglobin molecules per RBC
-1 RBC can bind to and transport 1.2 billion oxygen molecules

Question 22

More hemoglobin facts

Answer 22

-pick up oxygen in the lungs
Oxyhemoglobin
-travels to the body’s tissues
releases O2 based on need
Deoxyhemoglobin

Question 23

CO2 waste removal

Answer 23

-CO2 binds to amino acids in hemoglobin
-Carbaminohemoglobin
-carries CO2 back to the lungs
-CO2 released

Question 24

Important of RBCs

Answer 24

-Anemia- insufficient RBCs
-Polycythemia- overproduction of RBCs
-Increased viscosity (thickness) of blood
-difficult for the heart to circulate blood

Question 25

Blood vessels

Answer 25

-artery
-arterioles
-capillaries
-venule
-veins

Question 26

Artery

Answer 26

-carries blood away from the heart
-flows into the arterioles

Question 27

Arterioles

Answer 27

-smallest arteries
-branch into tiny capillaries

Question 28

Capillaries

Answer 28

-nutrient and wastes are exchanged
-empties into venules

Question 29

venules

Answer 29

-small blood vessels
-carry blood to a vein

Question 30

veins

Answer 30

return blood back to heart

Question 31

Vessel Lumen

Answer 31

hollow passageway where blood flows

Question 32

Arteries and Arterioles

Answer 32

-thicker walls
-closer to heart
-high pressure flow
-smaller lumens
-maintains higher pressure flow
-more rounded lumens

Question 33

Venules and Veins

Answer 33

-thinner walls
-lower pressure flow
-larger lumens
-more flow
-less resistance

Question 34

Vasa Vasorum

Answer 34

-nourishment
-removes waste
-small vessels within vessel walls
-“vessels of the vessel”

Question 35

Nervi Vasorum

Answer 35

-minute nerves within vessel walls
-controls contraction and dilation of smooth muscle

Question 36

3 Layers of vessel walls

Answer 36

-tunica intima
-tunica media
-tunica adventitia

Question 37

Tunica Intima

Answer 37

-innermost layer
-endothelial cell lining with connective tissue beneath it
-layer of cells in contact with the blood

Question 38

Tunica Media

Answer 38

-middle layer
-strong muscular layer
-thickest component of an arterial wall
-composed mainly of smooth muscle cells
circularly arranged around the vessel
-has varying amounts of elastic fibers and collagen

Question 39

Tunica Adventitia

Answer 39

-outermost layer of a blood vessel
-in contact with tissue surrounding the vessel
-composed of:
-connective tissue
-nerve fibers
-small vessel capillaries
vasa vasorum

Question 40

Arteries

Answer 40

-moves blood away from the heart
-has the thickest walls
-withstands HBP
-thickest walls closer to heart
-high percentage of elastic fibers in all 3 tunics

Question 41

Arteriole

Answer 41

-very small artery
-leads to a capillary
-same 3 tunics as larger arteries
thickness is greatly diminished
-critical in slowing down(resisting) blood flow

Question 42

Arterioles pt 2.

Answer 42

-“resistance vessels”
-primary resistance to oncoming flow
-regulates blood pressure
-muscle fibers are normally slightly contracted
-maintain a consistent muscle tone
-vascular tone

Question 43

Diameter of Lumen

Answer 43

-determined by neural and chemical controls
-causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 44

Capillary

Answer 44

-microscopic channel
PERFUSION
-blood supplied to tissues
*GAS EXCHANGE
-delivery of O2
-collection of CO2

Question 45

Capillary pt 2.

Answer 45

-5-10 micrometers
- (size of a single cell)
Microcirculation

Question 46

Capillary walls

Answer 46

-consists of an endothelial layer
-surrounded by basement membrane
-occasional smooth muscle fibers

Question 47

Venule

Answer 47

-extremely small vein
-receives blood from capillaries
-multiple venules join to form veins

Question 48

Venule Wall

Answer 48

-endothelium
-thin middle layer with few muscle cells and elastic
-outer layer of connective tissue fibers
-very thin tunica externa

Question 49

Where do veins flow?

Answer 49

toward the heart

Question 50

Vein facts

Answer 50

-thin-walled vessels with large and irregular lumens
LOW PRESSURE VESSELS
LARGER VEINS COMMONLY EQUIPPED VALVES
-promote unidirectional flow
-prevent backflow toward capillaries

Question 51

Veins are considered blood reservoirs

Answer 51

-high composition
-ability to distend (expand) readily
-stores a high volume of blood
-contain ~64% of the blood volume at any given time
- capacitance vessels