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Microbio Lecture > Chapter 1 The Microbial World And You > Flashcards

Chapter 1 The Microbial World And You Flashcards

1
Q

There are more _____ bacterias than _____ bacterias

A

good
bad

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2
Q

Microorganisms are too ___ to be seen with naked eyes.

A

small

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3
Q

Microbes include

A

bacteria,
fungi (mold, yeast)
protozoa (eukaryotic cells, amoeba)
microscopic algae (plant, single cell)
viruses

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4
Q

____ cannot live by themselves

A

bacteria

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5
Q

functions of microbes

A
  • decompose organic waste
  • generate oxygen by photosynthesis (algae)
  • produce chemical products (ethanol, acetone, and vitamins)
  • produce fermented foods (vinegar, cheese, and bread)
  • produce products used in manufacturing (cellulose) and disease treatment (insulin)
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6
Q

We ____ use microbes to treat human diseases
- example?

A

CAN
ex. fecal transplantation to treat Clostridium difficile.

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7
Q

Adult human is composed of:
- _____ trillion human cells
- _____ trillion bacteria cells
- NOT including _____

A

30
40
fungi

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8
Q

Microbiome/Microbiota

A

groups of microbes living stably in/on human body

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9
Q

functions of HUMAN microbiome

A
  • maintain good health (E. coli aids in digestion + synthesize B vitamins for metabolism and vitamin K for blood clotting)
  • prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
  • train the immune system to discriminate threats
  • normal microbiota produce growth factors and nutrients (vitamins B and K)
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10
Q

Womb ____ have bacteria because womb is ____
- Bacteria begins to acquired newborns from _____

A

DO NOT
sterile
mom’s body

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11
Q

Normal microbiota

A

collection of acquired microorganisms on or in a healthy human being

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12
Q

Colonization
- Example?

A

can only occur at body sites that provide nutrients and the right environments for the microbes to flourish

  • ex.: gut
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13
Q

different body parts can have _____
include:
- nares
- mouth (saliva)
- skin (dry)
- gut
- vagina

A

different microbiome

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14
Q

____, _____, and _____ are the places where microbiome SHOULD NOT locate at

A

brain, blood, heart

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15
Q

Each organism have two names:
- _____ : capitalized
- ____ ____ : lowercase
- Sometimes the name can be ____ or _____
Example?

A

Genus
specific epithet
italicized / underlined

ex. Escherichia coli
Genus: Escherichia
specific epithet: coli

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16
Q

types of microorganisms

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Multicellular animal parasites (may be visible to naked eyes)

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17
Q

Bacteria

  • _____ (no nucleus)
  • ____ - celled
  • _____ cell walls
  • Divide via ____ _____
  • Obtain nutrition from chemicals or ____
  • May swim using appedanges called _____ (may have 1-2 tails)
A

prokaryotic
single
peptidoglycan
binary fission
photosynthesis
flagella

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18
Q

Archaea

  • Similar to _____
  • _____
  • lack _____ cell wall (may lack entirely)
  • often live in _____ environments (volcano, hot spring, salt lake)
  • not known to cause _____ in human

Types of archaea
1) methanogens (high ____ ) : produces ____ as a waste product from ____.
2) extreme halophiles (high ____ ): lives in extremely salty environment (Great Lake Salt, Dead Sea)
3) extreme thermophiles (high ____ ): lives in hot sulfurous water (Yellowstone National Park)

A

bacteria
prokaryotes
peptidoglycan
extreme
disease

1) methanes, methanogens, respiration
2) salt
3) temp

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19
Q

Fungi

  • _____
  • surrounded by a special envelope called ____
  • Kingdom ____
  • ____ cell walls
  • Make energy from _____ chemicals
  • CANNOT carry out ____
  • Can reproduce _____ or _____
  • Obtain nourishment by absorbing ______ material from their environment
  • Unicellular: ____
  • Multicellular: ____ (mushrooms)
  • Molds: consists of ____ which are composed of filaments called hyphae.

example?

A

eukaryotes
nuclear membrane
Fungi
chitin
organic
photosynthesis
sexually / asexually
organic
yeast
mold
masses of mycelia

ex. Mucor (bread mold)

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20
Q

Protozoa

  • _____
  • _____ (have nucleus)
  • ingest ____ chemicals
  • may be ____ via ____ (false feet), ____ or _____
  • free-living or ____ (derive nutrients from ___ ____ )
  • some are _____
  • reproduce _____ or ______
  • use ____ as source energy, ____ as chief source to make sugars.

example?

A

unicellular
eukaryotes
organic
motile / pseudopods / cilia / flagella
parasitic / cell host
photosynthetic
sexually / asexually
light / CO2

ex. : Amoeba

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21
Q

Algae

  • _____
  • _____ cell wall (plant)
  • found in?
  • use ____ for energy (produces O2 and carbohydrates)
  • sexual and asexual reproduce
  • do not generally require ____ ____ from the environment

example?

A

eukaryotes
cellulose
photosynthesis
organic compound

example: The pond alga Volvox

22
Q

Viruses

  • ______ (not cells)
  • can be only seen with _____ microscope
  • consist of _____ / ____ core
  • core is surrounded by ____ ____ ( may be enclosed in a ____ ____ )
  • replicated only when living in ____ ____ (inert outside ____ _____ )
  • considered being living only when they _____ within ____ _____

example?

A

acellular
electron
DNA / RNA
protein coat / lipid envelope
host cell x2
multiply / host cell

ex.: SARS-CoV-2

23
Q

Multicellular Animal Parasites

  • _____
  • ______ animals
  • not strictly _____
  • flatworms and roundworms are _____
  • some ____ stages in their life cycles

example?

A

eukaryotes
multicellular
microorganisms
helminths
microscopic

examples: flatworms, roundworms

24
Q

3 domains based on cellular organization of microorganisms

1) Bacteria (no ____; cell walls contain a protein-carbohydrate complex called ____)

2) Archaea (no nucleus; cell walls, if present, lack ____)

3) Eukarya

  • Protists (slime ____, ____ and _____)
  • Fungi (unicellular ______, multicellular _____, and mushrooms)
  • Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants)
  • Animals (sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates)
A

1) nucleus / peptidoglycan

2) peptidoglycan

3)
- molds / protozoa / algae
- yeast / molds

25
Q

first microbes were observed from ____ to _____ by ____ _____

  • viewed thru _____ ______ (animalcules)
A

1623 - 1673
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
magnifying lens

26
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

hypothesis that:
- life arises from nonliving matter
- a “vital force” is necessary for life

27
Q

Biogenesis

A

hypothesis that:
- living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

28
Q

_______ _____ boiled nutrient solutions in ____ ____ in the year of 1765

  • conditions: nutrient broth placed in flask, sealed, then heated
  • result: no ____ _____
A

Lazzaro Spallani
sealed flasks
microbial growth

29
Q

____ ____ demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air

name of the experiment?

A

Louis Pasteur

Swanneck bottle flask experiment

30
Q

Swanneck bottle flask experiment

  • showed that microbes are responsible for _______ (yeast)
  • microbial growth is also responsible for the ______ of food and beverages
  • bacteria that use air spoil wine by turning it to ______ (acetic acid)
  • ___________ is the application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
A

fermentation
spoilage
vinegar
Pasteurization

31
Q

_____ ____ discovered that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps (_____ _______) to demonstrate that a specific microbe causes a specific disease in 1876

  • germs cause disease
A

Robert Koch
Koch’s postulate

32
Q

______ _____ used a chemical antiseptic (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections

  • practice in medical surgery
A

Joseph Lister

33
Q

_____ _____ discovered the first antibiotic (by accident)

what antibiotic?

A

Alexander Fleming

penicillin

34
Q

Fleming observed that ______ made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus

-1940s: penicillin was tested clinically and produced

A

Penicillium fungus

35
Q

Antibiotics

A

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

36
Q

Overuse of antibiotics can lead to ____

A

resistance

37
Q

Biofilms

A

microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
- grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants (urinal catheters)
- can be good or bad (protects mucus membranes but can also cause infection)
- can cause infections and are often resistant to antibiotics

38
Q

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

A

Zika virus
MERS
H5N1
MRSA
EHF
SARS-CoV

39
Q

Factors that have contributed to the development of EIDs:

A
  • evolutionary changes in existing organisms
  • the spread of known diseases to new geographic regions or populations by modern transportation
  • increased human exposure to new, unusual infectious agents in areas that are undergoing ecologic changes such as deforestation and construction
  • changes in the pathogen’s ecology
40
Q

Normal microbiota

A

microorganisms that colonize a host WITHOUT causing disease

also called normal flora

41
Q

Transient microbiota

A

microorganisms present in an animal for a short time WITHOUT causing a disease

42
Q

scientific names are _____ or ______

are ____ and used worldwide

may be named after?

A

italicized / underlined

Latinized

  • describe an organism
  • honor a researcher
  • identify the habitat of the species
43
Q

________ can be used to treat bacterial infections but have no effect on ________ or other _______

A

antibiotics
viruses
microbes

44
Q

Robert Hooke’s cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells

45
Q

Germ theory

A

microorganisms cause disease

46
Q

Immunity

A

The protection from disease provided by vaccination (or by recovery from the disease itself)

47
Q

Synthetic drugs

A

Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

48
Q

Why fungal infections are MORE difficult to treat

A
  • fewer treatment options since fungi is eukaryotic which is similar to human cells
    -> hard to target JUST fungal cells and we might hurt our own human cells
49
Q

Molecular biology

A

Study of how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA

50
Q

Bioremediation

A

some bacteria can actually use pollutants as energy sources

others produce enzymes that break down toxins into less harmful substances

51
Q

Infectious disease

A

a disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host, such as a human or an animal.

In the process, the pathogen carries out at least part of its life cycle inside the host, and disease frequently results

Microbio Lecture (4 decks)

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