Chapter 1 The Microbial World And You Flashcards
There are more _____ bacterias than _____ bacterias
good
bad
Microorganisms are too ___ to be seen with naked eyes.
small
Microbes include
bacteria,
fungi (mold, yeast)
protozoa (eukaryotic cells, amoeba)
microscopic algae (plant, single cell)
viruses
____ cannot live by themselves
bacteria
functions of microbes
- decompose organic waste
- generate oxygen by photosynthesis (algae)
- produce chemical products (ethanol, acetone, and vitamins)
- produce fermented foods (vinegar, cheese, and bread)
- produce products used in manufacturing (cellulose) and disease treatment (insulin)
We ____ use microbes to treat human diseases
- example?
CAN
ex. fecal transplantation to treat Clostridium difficile.
Adult human is composed of:
- _____ trillion human cells
- _____ trillion bacteria cells
- NOT including _____
30
40
fungi
Microbiome/Microbiota
groups of microbes living stably in/on human body
functions of HUMAN microbiome
- maintain good health (E. coli aids in digestion + synthesize B vitamins for metabolism and vitamin K for blood clotting)
- prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
- train the immune system to discriminate threats
- normal microbiota produce growth factors and nutrients (vitamins B and K)
Womb ____ have bacteria because womb is ____
- Bacteria begins to acquired newborns from _____
DO NOT
sterile
mom’s body
Normal microbiota
collection of acquired microorganisms on or in a healthy human being
Colonization
- Example?
can only occur at body sites that provide nutrients and the right environments for the microbes to flourish
- ex.: gut
different body parts can have _____
include:
- nares
- mouth (saliva)
- skin (dry)
- gut
- vagina
different microbiome
____, _____, and _____ are the places where microbiome SHOULD NOT locate at
brain, blood, heart
Each organism have two names:
- _____ : capitalized
- ____ ____ : lowercase
- Sometimes the name can be ____ or _____
Example?
Genus
specific epithet
italicized / underlined
ex. Escherichia coli
Genus: Escherichia
specific epithet: coli
types of microorganisms
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Multicellular animal parasites (may be visible to naked eyes)
Bacteria
- _____ (no nucleus)
- ____ - celled
- _____ cell walls
- Divide via ____ _____
- Obtain nutrition from chemicals or ____
- May swim using appedanges called _____ (may have 1-2 tails)
prokaryotic
single
peptidoglycan
binary fission
photosynthesis
flagella
Archaea
- Similar to _____
- _____
- lack _____ cell wall (may lack entirely)
- often live in _____ environments (volcano, hot spring, salt lake)
- not known to cause _____ in human
Types of archaea
1) methanogens (high ____ ) : produces ____ as a waste product from ____.
2) extreme halophiles (high ____ ): lives in extremely salty environment (Great Lake Salt, Dead Sea)
3) extreme thermophiles (high ____ ): lives in hot sulfurous water (Yellowstone National Park)
bacteria
prokaryotes
peptidoglycan
extreme
disease
1) methanes, methanogens, respiration
2) salt
3) temp
Fungi
- _____
- surrounded by a special envelope called ____
- Kingdom ____
- ____ cell walls
- Make energy from _____ chemicals
- CANNOT carry out ____
- Can reproduce _____ or _____
- Obtain nourishment by absorbing ______ material from their environment
- Unicellular: ____
- Multicellular: ____ (mushrooms)
- Molds: consists of ____ which are composed of filaments called hyphae.
example?
eukaryotes
nuclear membrane
Fungi
chitin
organic
photosynthesis
sexually / asexually
organic
yeast
mold
masses of mycelia
ex. Mucor (bread mold)
Protozoa
- _____
- _____ (have nucleus)
- ingest ____ chemicals
- may be ____ via ____ (false feet), ____ or _____
- free-living or ____ (derive nutrients from ___ ____ )
- some are _____
- reproduce _____ or ______
- use ____ as source energy, ____ as chief source to make sugars.
example?
unicellular
eukaryotes
organic
motile / pseudopods / cilia / flagella
parasitic / cell host
photosynthetic
sexually / asexually
light / CO2
ex. : Amoeba
Algae
- _____
- _____ cell wall (plant)
- found in?
- use ____ for energy (produces O2 and carbohydrates)
- sexual and asexual reproduce
- do not generally require ____ ____ from the environment
example?
eukaryotes
cellulose
photosynthesis
organic compound
example: The pond alga Volvox
Viruses
- ______ (not cells)
- can be only seen with _____ microscope
- consist of _____ / ____ core
- core is surrounded by ____ ____ ( may be enclosed in a ____ ____ )
- replicated only when living in ____ ____ (inert outside ____ _____ )
- considered being living only when they _____ within ____ _____
example?
acellular
electron
DNA / RNA
protein coat / lipid envelope
host cell x2
multiply / host cell
ex.: SARS-CoV-2
Multicellular Animal Parasites
- _____
- ______ animals
- not strictly _____
- flatworms and roundworms are _____
- some ____ stages in their life cycles
example?
eukaryotes
multicellular
microorganisms
helminths
microscopic
examples: flatworms, roundworms
3 domains based on cellular organization of microorganisms
1) Bacteria (no ____; cell walls contain a protein-carbohydrate complex called ____)
2) Archaea (no nucleus; cell walls, if present, lack ____)
3) Eukarya
- Protists (slime ____, ____ and _____)
- Fungi (unicellular ______, multicellular _____, and mushrooms)
- Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants)
- Animals (sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates)
1) nucleus / peptidoglycan
2) peptidoglycan
3)
- molds / protozoa / algae
- yeast / molds
