Chap 2 Chem Particles

Question 1

Atoms

Answer 1

smallest unit of matter

cannot be subdivided into smaller substances

Question 2

Atoms interact to form _______

Answer 2

molecules

Question 3

Atom consists of: proton, neutron and electron

• Proton: _____ charged particles
• Neutron: _______ charged particles
• Electron: ________ charged particles

Answer 3

positive
neutral (no charge)
negative

Question 4

____ is important for enzymes to catalyze functions

Answer 4

Iron

Question 5

4 most abundant chemical elements in living organisms

Answer 5

H, C, N, and O

Question 6

examples of biomolecules with sulfur

Answer 6

proteins / AAs

Question 7

_____ _____ form when two atoms SHARE one or more pairs of electrons

• stronger and more common in organisms than ionic bonds

Answer 7

covalent bonds

Question 8

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

Answer 8

ions

Question 9

atoms that lose electrons and become POSITIVELY charged ions

Answer 9

cations

Question 10

atoms that lose electrons and become NEGATIVELY charged ions

Answer 10

anions

Question 11

_____ ________ form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

• do not share electrons
• the atoms attract to each other (H to O or N)

Answer 11

hydrogen bonds

Question 12

substances that dissociate into one or more HYDROGEN ions and one or more negative ions

Answer 12

acids

Question 13

substances that dissociate into one or more HYDROXIDE ions and one or more positive ions

Answer 13

bases

Question 14

the concentration of H + in a solution

Answer 14

pH

Question 15

the concentration of OH - in a solution

Answer 15

pOH

Question 16

formula of pH

Answer 16

pH = - log (10) H+

Question 17

most organisms grow best between pH __ and __

Answer 17

6.5 - 8.5

Question 18

• serve as cell structures and cellular energy sources
• includes sugars and starches
• consist of C, H, and O

Answer 18

carbohydrates

Question 19

simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms

ex. glucose, fructose, and deoxyribose

Answer 19

monosaccharides

Question 20

two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

ex. sucrose = 1 glucose + 1 fructose

Answer 20

disaccharides

Question 21

consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

ex. starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are polymers of glucose that differ in their bonding and function

Answer 21

polysaccharides

Question 22

Simple lipids:

• consist of C, H, and O
• are _______ and _____ in water
• fats or triglycerides contain glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 22

nonpolar, insoluble

Question 23

Complex lipids:

• contain C, H, O and _, _, and/or _
• cell membranes are made of complex lipids called _________ (glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group)
• phospholipids have _____ and _______ regions

Answer 23

P, N, S
phospholipids
polar / nonpolar

Question 24

_______ _____ _____ or _______ increase cell membrane fluidity

Answer 24

unsaturated fatty acids
cholesterol

Question 25

Proteins: - made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S - essential in cell structure and _____ -______ that speed up chemical reactions -_______ _____ that move chemicals across membranes -______ that provide motility for bacteria - bacterial or mammalian cell surface structures/proteins - antibodies are proteins

Answer 25

function enzymes transporting protein flagella

Question 26

Beta-lactamase, a bacterial protein, is an enzyme for degrading _______ make the bacterium resistant to it

Answer 26

pennicillin

Question 27

amino acids contain

Answer 27

an alpha-carbon that has an attached: -carboxyl group -amino group -side group (R side group)

Question 28

______ _____ between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis different amino acids have different ________

Answer 28

peptide bonds characteristics

Question 29

primary structure

Answer 29

a polypeptide chain linked by covalent bonds

Question 30

secondary structure

Answer 30

the amino acid chain folds and coils in - helix (alpha-helix) or pleated sheet (beta-sheet) by hydrogen bonds

Question 31

tertiary structure

Answer 31

the helix or sheet folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges (disulfide bonds), hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the same peptide chain - hydrophobic interactions between AAs also contribute to protein structures (tertiary and quaternary structures)

Question 32

quartenary structure

Answer 32

consists of 2 or more polypeptides (2 peptides/proteins interact)

Question 33

summary of bonds for primary / secondary / tertiary structures

Answer 33

primary : covalent secondary : hydrogen tertiary : hydrogen, ionic, disulfide

Question 34

denaturation

Answer 34

proteins losing their original characteristics, such as structures or chemical properties occurs when proteins encounter hostile environments such as: - temperature (heat) - extreme pH - chemicals reacting with AAs (ethanol or formaldehyde)

Question 35

nucleotide structure (DNA/RNA)

Answer 35

- five-carbon (pentose) sugar - phosphate group - nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base

Question 36

DNA consists of

Answer 36

Deoxyribose phosphate group A T G C

Question 37

RNA consists of

Answer 37

Ribose phosphate group A U G C

Question 38

____ bonds between adenine and thymine ____ bonds between guacine and cytosine

Answer 38

2 3

Question 39

central dogma

Answer 39

DNA -> Transcription -> RNA -> Translation -> Protein bacteria and viruses follow this

Question 40

what can disrupt the central dogma of bio?

Answer 40

antibiotics

Question 41

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 41

- made of ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups - losing 1 releases energy (P) - stores the chemical energy released by some chemical reactions - releases phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell

Question 42

Glucose

Answer 42

polymers of starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose

Question 43

Mycology

Answer 43

Study of fungi

Question 44

Cysteines

Answer 44

can form disulfide bonds