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Microbio Lecture > Chap 2 Chem Particles > Flashcards

Chap 2 Chem Particles Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms

A

smallest unit of matter

cannot be subdivided into smaller substances

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2
Q

Atoms interact to form _______

A

molecules

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3
Q

Atom consists of: proton, neutron and electron

  • Proton: _____ charged particles
  • Neutron: _______ charged particles
  • Electron: ________ charged particles
A

positive
neutral (no charge)
negative

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4
Q

____ is important for enzymes to catalyze functions

A

Iron

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5
Q

4 most abundant chemical elements in living organisms

A

H, C, N, and O

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6
Q

examples of biomolecules with sulfur

A

proteins / AAs

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7
Q

_____ _____ form when two atoms SHARE one or more pairs of electrons

  • stronger and more common in organisms than ionic bonds
A

covalent bonds

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8
Q

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

A

ions

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9
Q

atoms that lose electrons and become POSITIVELY charged ions

A

cations

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10
Q

atoms that lose electrons and become NEGATIVELY charged ions

A

anions

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11
Q

_____ ________ form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

  • do not share electrons
  • the atoms attract to each other (H to O or N)
A

hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

substances that dissociate into one or more HYDROGEN ions and one or more negative ions

A

acids

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13
Q

substances that dissociate into one or more HYDROXIDE ions and one or more positive ions

A

bases

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14
Q

the concentration of H + in a solution

A

pH

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15
Q

the concentration of OH - in a solution

A

pOH

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16
Q

formula of pH

A

pH = - log (10) H+

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17
Q

most organisms grow best between pH __ and __

A

6.5 - 8.5

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18
Q
  • serve as cell structures and cellular energy sources
  • includes sugars and starches
  • consist of C, H, and O
A

carbohydrates

19
Q

simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms

ex. glucose, fructose, and deoxyribose

A

monosaccharides

20
Q

two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

ex. sucrose = 1 glucose + 1 fructose

A

disaccharides

21
Q

consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

ex. starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are polymers of glucose that differ in their bonding and function

A

polysaccharides

22
Q

Simple lipids:

  • consist of C, H, and O
  • are _______ and _____ in water
  • fats or triglycerides contain glycerol and fatty acids
A

nonpolar, insoluble

23
Q

Complex lipids:

  • contain C, H, O and _, _, and/or _
  • cell membranes are made of complex lipids called _________ (glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group)
  • phospholipids have _____ and _______ regions
A

P, N, S
phospholipids
polar / nonpolar

24
Q

_______ _____ _____ or _______ increase cell membrane fluidity

A

unsaturated fatty acids
cholesterol

25
Q

Proteins:

  • made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
  • essential in cell structure and _____

-______ that speed up chemical reactions

-_______ _____ that move chemicals across membranes

-______ that provide motility for bacteria

  • bacterial or mammalian cell surface structures/proteins
  • antibodies are proteins
A

function
enzymes
transporting protein
flagella

26
Q

Beta-lactamase, a bacterial protein, is an enzyme for degrading _______

make the bacterium resistant to it

A

pennicillin

27
Q

amino acids contain

A

an alpha-carbon that has an attached:

-carboxyl group

-amino group

-side group (R side group)

28
Q

______ _____ between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis

different amino acids have different ________

A

peptide bonds

characteristics

29
Q

primary structure

A

a polypeptide chain linked by covalent bonds

30
Q

secondary structure

A

the amino acid chain folds and coils in

  • helix (alpha-helix) or pleated sheet (beta-sheet)
    by hydrogen bonds
31
Q

tertiary structure

A

the helix or sheet folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges (disulfide bonds), hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the same peptide chain

  • hydrophobic interactions between AAs also contribute to protein structures (tertiary and quaternary structures)
32
Q

quartenary structure

A

consists of 2 or more polypeptides (2 peptides/proteins interact)

33
Q

summary of bonds for primary / secondary / tertiary structures

A

primary : covalent

secondary : hydrogen

tertiary : hydrogen, ionic, disulfide

34
Q

denaturation

A

proteins losing their original characteristics, such as structures or chemical properties

occurs when proteins encounter hostile environments such as:

  • temperature (heat)
  • extreme pH
  • chemicals reacting with AAs (ethanol or formaldehyde)
35
Q

nucleotide structure (DNA/RNA)

A
  • five-carbon (pentose) sugar
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base
36
Q

DNA consists of

A

Deoxyribose
phosphate group
A T G C

37
Q

RNA consists of

A

Ribose
phosphate group
A U G C

38
Q

____ bonds between adenine and thymine
____ bonds between guacine and cytosine

A

2
3

39
Q

central dogma

A

DNA -> Transcription -> RNA -> Translation -> Protein

bacteria and viruses follow this

40
Q

what can disrupt the central dogma of bio?

A

antibiotics

41
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • made of ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
  • losing 1 releases energy (P)
  • stores the chemical energy released by some chemical reactions
  • releases phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell
42
Q

Glucose

A

polymers of starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose

43
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungi

44
Q

Cysteines

A

can form disulfide bonds

Microbio Lecture (4 decks)

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