Chapter-1 The Living World Flashcards
TYPES OF ORGANISATION , DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD, NOMENCLATURE, CLASSIFICATION, TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
WHAT IS BIOLOGY ?
THE STORY OF LIFE ON EARTH.
WHAT IS LIVING ?
THE CAPACITY OR ABILITY TO PERFORM FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES .
LIST SOME OF THE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES ?
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
GROWTH
METABOLISM
REPRODUCTION
CONSCIOUSNESS
INTERACTIONS
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
WHAT IS A CELL. WHAT IS IT MADE UP OF ?
A CELL IS A STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE.
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IT IS MADE UP OF MASS OF PROTOPLASM AND A NUCLEUS.
WHICH TYPE OF CELL HAS A CELL WALL ?
A PLANT CELL.
WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF CELLS ? ( DISTINCT NUCLEUS ).
PROKARYOTIC ( WITHOUT )
EUKARYOTIC (WITH).
WHAT IS THE ORDER OF LIVING ?
MOLECULES
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOSPHERE
GROWTH
WHAT IS GROWTH ?
THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CELLS DUE TO METABOLIC ACTIVITIES.
WHAT ARE THOSE METABOLIC ACTIVITIES ?
CELL DIVISION
CELL ELONGATION
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
GROWTH IN LIVING ORGANISMS IS _____________
INTERNAL
NEW MOLECULES ARE PRODUCED BY
PROTOPLASM
GROWTH IS _____________ IN PLANTS DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF ________________
INDEFINITE
MERISTEMS
WHAT IS NOT CONSIDERED AS GROWTH ?
INCREASE IN WEIGHT AFTER CONSUMPTION OF FOOD
VIRUS IS NON LIVING IT MULTIPLIES IN ______________
LIVING CELLS
WHICH DEFINING FEATURE IS PRESENT IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS WITHOUT EXCEPTION ?
METABOLISM
METABOLISM
WHAT IS METABOLISM ? ( CONSTRUCTIVE +…. DESTRUCTIVE -)
METABOLISM= + ANABOLIC - CATABOLIC
WHAT IS ANABOLIC ?
PRODUCTION OF STARCH FROM
CO2 AND H2O IN PRESENCE OF LIGHT
WHAT IS CATABOLIC ?
BREAKDOWN OF FOOD TO RELEASE
ATP ( DURING RESPIRATION )
EX: FOR METABOLIC PROCESS ( MOSTLY INTERNAL EXTERNAL IN SOME FUNGI )
DIGESTION
RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
REPRODUCTION
WHAT IS REPRODUCTION ?
PRODUCTION OF PROGENCY ( OFFSPRINGS )
LIVING ORGANISMS EXHIBIT WHAT TYPE OF REPRODUCTION ?
SEXUAL
ASEXUAL
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
WHAT SPREAD AND MULTIPLY WITH THE HELP OF ASEXUAL SPORES ?
FUNGI
EG. FOR REPRODUCTION BY BUDDING ?
YEAST
SPONGES
HYDRA
EG. FOR REPRODUCTION BY FRAGMENTATION ?
FUNGI
FILAMENTOUS ALGAE
PROTONEMA OF MOSSES
REPRODUCTION IN :
BACTERIA
ALGAE OR AMOEBA
IS EQUAL TO
GROWTH
WHICH LIVING ORGANISMS CANNOT REPRODUCE ?
MULES
STERILE WORKER BEES
IS REPRODUCTION A DEFINING CHARACTER. EXPLAIN ?
NO, BECAUSE SOME LIVING THINGS DO NOT REPRODUCE
NON LIVING OBJECTS ARE BROKEN INTO SMALLER PARTS.
THIS PROCESS IS CALLED ?
WEATHERING
DIFFERENCE B/W SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SUBHEADING WILL BE GIVEN TELL THE DIFFERENCE
FORMATION & FUSION
SEXUAL:
HAS FORMATION & FUSION
ASEXUAL:
NO FORMATION & FUSION
PARENTAL
SEXUAL:
BI-PARENTAL
ASEXUAL:
UNI-PARENTAL
REPRODUCTIVE UNITS
SEXUAL:
GERM CELL
ASEXUAL:
SOMATIC CELLS
OCCURRENCE OF MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
SEXUAL:
MEIOSIS DURING SPOROGENESIS
ASEXUAL:
BOTH OCCUR IN ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
OFFSPRING
SEXUAL:
DIFFERENT
ASEXUAL:
SIMILAR
CONSCIOUSNESS
WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS ?
ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
RESPONSE CAN BE ?
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL
WHICH ORGANISMS ARE AWARE OF THEMSELVES. BEING AWARE ALSO THEMSELVES IS TERMED AS ?
HUMAN BEINGS
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SELF CONSCIOUSNESS
ORGANISMS ARE SAID TO DEAD WHEN ?
CONSCIOUSNESS IS LOST
INTERACTIONS
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF INTERACTIONS ?
COMPETITION
PREDATION
SYMBIOSIS
WHAT IS COMPETITION ?
FIGHTING FOR RESOURCES
WHAT IS PREDATION ?
KILLING THE OTHER FOR SURVIVAL
WHAT IS SYMBIOSIS ?
THE MUTUAL BENEFICIAL INTERACTION
EX: LICHENS
DIVERSITY IN TE LIVING WORLD
WHAT IS A SPECIES ?
ANY KIND OF ANIMAL OR PLANT
WHAT IS THE RANGE OF SPECIES ?
1.7 TO 1.8 MILLIONS OF SPECIES
WHAT HELPS US IN REMEMBERING ALL SPECIES ?
TAXONOMY
WHAT IS TAXONOMY ?
IT DEALS WITH IDENTIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE, CLASSIFICATION
IN EARLY DAYS,
TAXONOMY WAS DIVIDED INTO :-
USEFUL
UNUSEFUL
POISONOUS
THE STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS B/W SPECIES IS CALLED ?
SYSTEMATICS
SO LET US LEARN ABOUT IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION IS DIVIDED INTO ?
HERBARIUM
BOTANICAL GARDENS
MUSEUM
ZOOLOGICAL PARKS
KEYS
DEFINE HERBARIUM ?
DEPOSITORY OF PLANT SPEICIMENS WHICH ARE DRIED, PRESSED, PRESERVED ON SHEETS.
IN HERBARIUM, THE PLANTS SHOULD BE COLLECTED WHEN AND WHAT ARE THE NESSACERY PARTS ?
IN DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE STAGES
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LEAVES
FLOWERS
ROOTS
INFLOUROCENSE
FRUITS
IN HERBARIUM, WHAT IS A VASCULUM. WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE ?
IT IS A BOX IN WHICH PLANT SPEICEMENS ARE STORED
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THE PREVENT LOSS OF WATER AND DISTORTIONS
WHAT CAN WE USE INSTEAD OF VASCULUM ?
POLYTHENE BAGS
IN VASCULUM ( HERBARIUM ), WHAT DO THE FIRLD NOTEBOOKS HOLD ?
HABIT
HABITAT
LOCALITY
ALTITUDE OF THE PLACE
SEASON
COLOURS OF FLOWER
DATE OF COLLECTION
IN VASCULUM, AFTER THE SPECIMEN IS COLLECTED WHAT PROCESS TAKES PLACE ?
THEY ARE PRESSED B/W BLOTTING PAPER.
IT IS NESSACERY TO CHGE THE BLOTTING PAPER TO AVOID FUNGAL GROWTH
IN VASCULUM, ONCE THE SPECIMEN IS DRIED ?
IT IS STICKED INTO HEBARIUM SHEET
WHAT IS THE STANDERD LENGTH OF HERBARIUM SHEET ?
29CM X 41CM
WHAT IS A BOTANICAL GARDEN ?
TYPES OF PLANTS FROM DIFFERENT PLACES
WHICH COUNTRY HAS THE LARGEST BOTANICAL GARDEN ?
ENGLAND
WHICH STATE IN INDIA HAS THE LARGEST BOTANICAL GARDEN ?
KOLKATA (INDIAN BOTANICALGARDEN )
DEFINE ZOOLOGICAL PARKS ?
THEY ARE VERY SIMILAR TO ZOOS OR THEY ARE ZOOS. THEY HELP US TO STUDY ABOUT ANIMALS.
WHAT IS THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR CALLED ?
ETHOLOGY
NAME 2 IMP. ZOOS OF INDIA ?
NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, MATHURA ROAD, NEW DELHI
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NEHURU ZOOLOGICAL PARK, HYDERABAD, TELANGANA
WHAT IS THE USE OF A MUSEUM ?
USED FOR PRESERVATION AND EXHIBITION
WHICH TYPES OF PLANTS ARE KEPT IN MUSEUM EX. ?
PLANTS WHICH CANNOT BE KEPT IN HERBARIA ARE KEPT IN MUSEUMS
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ALGAE
MOSSESS
FUNGI
FERN
PARTS OF GYMNOSPERMS
FRUITS
UNDERGROUND STORAGE ORGANS
ETC.
WHAT DOES THE PRESERVATIVE SOLUTION CONTAIN ?
ALCHOHOL
&
FORMALIN
HOW ARE LARGE ANIMALS PRESERVED IN MUSEUMS ?
IN STUFFED AND SKELETON FORMS
WHAT IS A KEY ?
A SET OF OPPOSITE STAMENTS ARRANGED IN SEQUENCE OF SELECTION & ELIMINATION
WHAT DOES A KEY CONTAIN ?
STRUCTURE
MANY COUPLETS
HAVE
2 LEADS WHICH ARE OPPOSITE IN NATURE
DEPENDING ON CATEGORY WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF KEYS ?
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF KEY ?
BRAKETED
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INTENDED
WHAT IS A BRACKETED KEY ?
THE LEADS ARE GIVEN NUMBERS IN BRACKETS
WHAT IS A INTENDED KEY ?
THERE ARE 2 OR MORE LEADS FOR SELECTION & ELIMINATION
WHAT ARE SOME OTHER MEANS OF RECORDING DESCRIPTIONS ?
FLORA
MANUALS
MONOGRAPHS
CATALOGES
DEFINE FLORA ?
CONTAINS ALL INFO OF PLANTA OF AN AREA
DEFINE MANUALS ?
CONTAINS INFO FOR IDENTIFICATION OF NAMES OF AN AREA
DEFINE MONOGRAPHS ?
CONTAINS INFO ON ONLY 1 TAXON
DEFINE CATALOGE ?
LIST OF PLANT TAXA OF AN AREA ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER OR SYSTEMATICAL ORDER
WHAT IS NOMENCLATURE. WHAT IS THE USE ?
NOMENTURE = SCIENTIFIC NAME
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BIOLOGIST FROM ANY PART OF THE WORLD WILL UNDERSTAND IT
LOCAL NAME = VERNACULAR NAMES
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF NOMENCLAUTURE ?
POLYNOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
TRINOMIAL NOMENCLAUTURE
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
WHAT IS POLYNOMIAL NOMENCLATURE ?
HAS MANY LATIN WORD
WHAT IS TRINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE ?
HAS 3 LATIN WORD
SCIENTIFIC NAME OF INDIAN CROW ?
TRINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
CORVUS SPLENDENES SPLENDENES
SCIENTIFIC NAME OF CABBAGE ?
TRINOMIAL NOMENCLAUTURE
BRASSICA OLERACEAE CAPITATA
WHAT IS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE ?
HAS 2 LATIN WORDS
WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME OF MANGO ?
BINOMIAL NOMENCLAUTURE
MANGIFERA INDICA
RULES OF NOMENCLATURE
CODE WILL BE GIVEN TELL THE ANSWER
ICBN 1961
INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BATANICAL NOMENCLATURE
ICZN 1964
INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
ICNB
INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR NOMENCLATURE OF BACTERIA
ICNCP
INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR NOMENCLATURE OF CULTIVATED PLANTS
ICTV
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTE FOR THE TAXONOMY OF VIRUSES
INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGESS MEETING WAS HELD FOR WHAT PURPOSE. IN WHICH YEAR. AT WHAT PLACE ?
ICBN RULES FOR NOMENCLATURE
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1867
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PARIS ( SO IT IS CALLED PARIS CODE )
WHAT IS THE LATEST ICBN CODE ?
VIENNA CODE ( 2006 )
BIOLOGICAL NAMES ARE GENERALLY WRITTEN IN ?
RULES OF NOMENCLATURE
LATIN AND ITALICS
THE SCIENTIFIC NAME CONSISTS OF
1ST WORD :-?
2ND WORD :- ?
GENUS —- NOUN——CAPITAL LETTER
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SPECIES —-ADJECTIVE—-SMALL LETTER
SAME GENERIC NAME CANNOT BE GIVEN
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SAME SPECIFIC NAME CAN BE GIVEN EX :- ?
RAPHANUS SATIVUS
&
LATHYRUS SATIVUS
ONE PLANT ONE ANIMAL
FULL FORM OF SPECIFIC NAME INCLUDES. EX. ?
GENERIC EPITHET
SPECIFIC EPITHET
AUTHOR CITATION
( ALL 3 ARE TOGETHER CALLED BINOMIAL EPITHET )
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MANGIFERA INDICA LINN
WHAT IS TAUTONYM. EX. ?
SCIENTIFIC NAME WITH SAME WORD USED FOR GENUS OR SPECIES
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TAUTONYM MALUS MALUS NOW PYRUS MALUS OR NAJA NAJA
THEY ARE INVALID FOR BOTANICAL NAMES
WHAT IS INDIAN COBRAS SCIENTIFIC NAME ?
MALUS MALUS NOW PYRUS MALUS OR NAJA NAJA
THE NAMES OF FAMILIES AND SUB FAMILIES SHOULD BE BASED ON WHAT. EX. ?
TYPE GENUS
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BRASSICACEAE IS AFTER BRASSICA
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ASTERACEAE IS AFTER GENUS ASTER
IF 2 OR MORE NAMES ARE GIVEN. WHICH NAME IS VALID ?
THE OLDEST NAME IS VALID
RULE OF PRIORITY
THER IS ONE VALID NAME BUT CAN HAVE MANY SYNONYMS.
EX:- ?
PHASEOLUS AUREUS VALID
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VIGNA AUREUS SYNONYM
AUTONYM
EX :- ?
SAME WORD FOR SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES
CORVUS SPLENDENS SPENDENES
HOMONYM
EX:- ?
ONE NAME FOR 2 DIFFERENT PLANTS
PRUNUS DULSI ( ALMOND AND PLUM )
WHAT IS CLASSIFICATION ?
GROUPING BASED ON SIMILARITIES
WHAT IS TAXON ?
A UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION
WHAT IS TAXA ?
GROUP OF TAXONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS
WHAT IS TAXONOMY ALSO CALLED AS ?
SYSTEMATICS
THE WORD SYSTEMA WAS FIRST USED BY ?
LINNEUS
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION ?
ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION SYS.
NATURAL CLASSIFICATION SYS.
PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION SYS.
WHAT IS ARTIICIAL CLASSIFICATION ?
IN WHICH THEY ARE ARRNGED ACCORDING TO
HABIT
COLOUR
NUMBER
SHAPE OF LEAVES
EXPLAIN SEXUAL SYS. OF CLASSIICATION.
IT IS A CLASSIFICATION SET BY LINNEUS IN WHICH ANGIOSPERMS ARE ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ARRANGEMENT OF STAMENS AND CARPELS
EXPLAIN NATURAL CLASSIFICATION SYS.
ARANGED ACCORCING TO NATURAL RELATIONS INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY LIKE
ULTRA STRUCTURE
ANATOMY
EMBYOLOGY
PHTOCHEMISHTRY
WHAT IS THE EG. FOR NATURAL SYS. OF CLASSIFICATION ?
BENTHAM AND HOOKERS SYS. OF CLASSIFICATION
WHAT IS PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION ?
BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
EG. FOR PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION ?
EICHLER CLASSIFICATION
ENGLER AND PRNATL CLASSIFICATION
WHAT IS NUMERICAL TAXONOMY ?
BASED ON OBSERVAL CHARECTORS, USING COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE
WHAT IS CYTOTAXONOMY ?
BASED ON NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES, STRUCTURE & BEHAVIOR
WHAT IS CHEMOTAXONOMY ?
BASED ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ON PLANTS
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF TAXONOMIC HIERACHY/ LINNEUS HIERACHY ?
KINGDOM
DIVISION
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
EXPLAIN HOW TO READ TAXONOMIC HIERACHY ?
LOWER TAXA - MORECHERECTERISTICS
HIGHER CATEGORY- MORE DIFFICULTY IN RELATING
DEFINE SPECIES ?
SMALLEST UNITS IN HIERACHY.COMMON ANCESTOR.SAME NO. OF CHROMOSOMES
NAME SOME SPECIES ?
MANGIFERA INDICA
SOLANUM TUBEROSUM
HOMO SAPIEN
WHAT IS A GENUS ?
HAS MANY SPECIES AND FORMS FIRST PART OF BINOMIAL SYSTEM
EG. FOR GENUS ?
**SOLANUM **TUBEROLUS-POTATO
SOLANUM MELONGENA-BRINGAL
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PANTHERA LEO-LION
PANTHERA TIGRIS-TIGER
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ALLIUM CEPA - ONION
**ALLIUM **SATIVUM-GARLIC
WHAT IS A FAMILY ?
MANY GENUS
EG. FAMILY ?
PLANT WITH SUFFIX, ANIMAL WITH SUFFIX,
MALVACEAE
FABACEAE
SOLANACEAE
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EQUEDAE(HORSE FAMILY)
RANIDAE ( FROG FAMILY )
BLATTIDAE ( COCKROACH )
CANIDAE ( DOG FAMILY )
FELIDAE ( CAT FAMILY )
WHAT IS A ORDER ?
MANY FAMILY
EG. FOR ORDER ?
FLORAL- POLEMONIALES ( SOLANECEAE & CONVOLVULACEAE)
CARNIVOROUS- CARNIVORA ( CANIDAE & FELIDAE )
EG FOR CLASS ?
CHLOROPHYCEAE
REPTILES, AVES, MAMMALS ECT.
EG FOR KINGDOM ?
PLANT KINGDOM
ANIMAL KINGDOM
ACCORDING TO ICBN THE STANDERD SUFFIX ARE ?
DIVISION - PHYTA
CLASS- PHYCEAE OR OPSIDA
ORDER- ALES
FAMILY- ACEAE
IN ANIMAL KINGDOM :-
FAMILY- IDAE
CLASS- AE
