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SELF STUDY ( MEDICAL ) > Chapter-1 The Living World > Flashcards

Chapter-1 The Living World Flashcards

TYPES OF ORGANISATION , DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD, NOMENCLATURE, CLASSIFICATION, TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

WHAT IS BIOLOGY ?

A

THE STORY OF LIFE ON EARTH.

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2
Q

WHAT IS LIVING ?

A

THE CAPACITY OR ABILITY TO PERFORM FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES .

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3
Q

LIST SOME OF THE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES ?

A

CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
GROWTH
METABOLISM
REPRODUCTION
CONSCIOUSNESS
INTERACTIONS

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4
Q

CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
WHAT IS A CELL. WHAT IS IT MADE UP OF ?

A

A CELL IS A STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE.
______________________________

IT IS MADE UP OF MASS OF PROTOPLASM AND A NUCLEUS.

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5
Q

WHICH TYPE OF CELL HAS A CELL WALL ?

A

A PLANT CELL.

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF CELLS ? ( DISTINCT NUCLEUS ).

A

PROKARYOTIC ( WITHOUT )
EUKARYOTIC (WITH).

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7
Q

WHAT IS THE ORDER OF LIVING ?

A

MOLECULES
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOSPHERE

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8
Q

GROWTH
WHAT IS GROWTH ?

A

THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CELLS DUE TO METABOLIC ACTIVITIES.

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9
Q

WHAT ARE THOSE METABOLIC ACTIVITIES ?

A

CELL DIVISION
CELL ELONGATION
CELL DIFFERENTIATION

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10
Q

GROWTH IN LIVING ORGANISMS IS _____________

A

INTERNAL

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11
Q

NEW MOLECULES ARE PRODUCED BY

A

PROTOPLASM

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12
Q

GROWTH IS _____________ IN PLANTS DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF ________________

A

INDEFINITE
MERISTEMS

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13
Q

WHAT IS NOT CONSIDERED AS GROWTH ?

A

INCREASE IN WEIGHT AFTER CONSUMPTION OF FOOD

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14
Q

VIRUS IS NON LIVING IT MULTIPLIES IN ______________

A

LIVING CELLS

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15
Q

WHICH DEFINING FEATURE IS PRESENT IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS WITHOUT EXCEPTION ?

A

METABOLISM

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16
Q

METABOLISM
WHAT IS METABOLISM ? ( CONSTRUCTIVE +…. DESTRUCTIVE -)

A

METABOLISM= + ANABOLIC - CATABOLIC

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17
Q

WHAT IS ANABOLIC ?

A

PRODUCTION OF STARCH FROM
CO2 AND H2O IN PRESENCE OF LIGHT

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18
Q

WHAT IS CATABOLIC ?

A

BREAKDOWN OF FOOD TO RELEASE
ATP ( DURING RESPIRATION )

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19
Q

EX: FOR METABOLIC PROCESS ( MOSTLY INTERNAL EXTERNAL IN SOME FUNGI )

A

DIGESTION
RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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20
Q

REPRODUCTION
WHAT IS REPRODUCTION ?

A

PRODUCTION OF PROGENCY ( OFFSPRINGS )

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21
Q

LIVING ORGANISMS EXHIBIT WHAT TYPE OF REPRODUCTION ?

A

SEXUAL
ASEXUAL
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

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22
Q

WHAT SPREAD AND MULTIPLY WITH THE HELP OF ASEXUAL SPORES ?

A

FUNGI

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23
Q

EG. FOR REPRODUCTION BY BUDDING ?

A

YEAST
SPONGES
HYDRA

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24
Q

EG. FOR REPRODUCTION BY FRAGMENTATION ?

A

FUNGI
FILAMENTOUS ALGAE
PROTONEMA OF MOSSES

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25
Q

REPRODUCTION IN :
BACTERIA
ALGAE OR AMOEBA
IS EQUAL TO

A

GROWTH

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26
Q

WHICH LIVING ORGANISMS CANNOT REPRODUCE ?

A

MULES
STERILE WORKER BEES

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27
Q

IS REPRODUCTION A DEFINING CHARACTER. EXPLAIN ?

A

NO, BECAUSE SOME LIVING THINGS DO NOT REPRODUCE

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28
Q

NON LIVING OBJECTS ARE BROKEN INTO SMALLER PARTS.
THIS PROCESS IS CALLED ?

A

WEATHERING

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29
Q

DIFFERENCE B/W SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A

SUBHEADING WILL BE GIVEN TELL THE DIFFERENCE

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30
Q

FORMATION & FUSION

A

SEXUAL:
HAS FORMATION & FUSION
ASEXUAL:
NO FORMATION & FUSION

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31
Q

PARENTAL

A

SEXUAL:
BI-PARENTAL
ASEXUAL:
UNI-PARENTAL

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32
Q

REPRODUCTIVE UNITS

A

SEXUAL:
GERM CELL
ASEXUAL:
SOMATIC CELLS

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33
Q

OCCURRENCE OF MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

A

SEXUAL:
MEIOSIS DURING SPOROGENESIS
ASEXUAL:
BOTH OCCUR IN ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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34
Q

OFFSPRING

A

SEXUAL:
DIFFERENT
ASEXUAL:
SIMILAR

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35
Q

CONSCIOUSNESS
WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS ?

A

ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI

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36
Q

RESPONSE CAN BE ?

A

PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL

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37
Q

WHICH ORGANISMS ARE AWARE OF THEMSELVES. BEING AWARE ALSO THEMSELVES IS TERMED AS ?

A

HUMAN BEINGS
___________________________

SELF CONSCIOUSNESS

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38
Q

ORGANISMS ARE SAID TO DEAD WHEN ?

A

CONSCIOUSNESS IS LOST

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39
Q

INTERACTIONS
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF INTERACTIONS ?

A

COMPETITION
PREDATION
SYMBIOSIS

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40
Q

WHAT IS COMPETITION ?

A

FIGHTING FOR RESOURCES

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41
Q

WHAT IS PREDATION ?

A

KILLING THE OTHER FOR SURVIVAL

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42
Q

WHAT IS SYMBIOSIS ?

A

THE MUTUAL BENEFICIAL INTERACTION
EX: LICHENS

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43
Q

DIVERSITY IN TE LIVING WORLD
WHAT IS A SPECIES ?

A

ANY KIND OF ANIMAL OR PLANT

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44
Q

WHAT IS THE RANGE OF SPECIES ?

A

1.7 TO 1.8 MILLIONS OF SPECIES

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45
Q

WHAT HELPS US IN REMEMBERING ALL SPECIES ?

A

TAXONOMY

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46
Q

WHAT IS TAXONOMY ?

A

IT DEALS WITH IDENTIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE, CLASSIFICATION

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47
Q

IN EARLY DAYS,
TAXONOMY WAS DIVIDED INTO :-

A

USEFUL
UNUSEFUL
POISONOUS

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48
Q

THE STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS B/W SPECIES IS CALLED ?

A

SYSTEMATICS

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49
Q

SO LET US LEARN ABOUT IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION IS DIVIDED INTO ?

A

HERBARIUM
BOTANICAL GARDENS
MUSEUM
ZOOLOGICAL PARKS
KEYS

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50
Q

DEFINE HERBARIUM ?

A

DEPOSITORY OF PLANT SPEICIMENS WHICH ARE DRIED, PRESSED, PRESERVED ON SHEETS.

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51
Q

IN HERBARIUM, THE PLANTS SHOULD BE COLLECTED WHEN AND WHAT ARE THE NESSACERY PARTS ?

A

IN DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE STAGES
___________________________________

LEAVES
FLOWERS
ROOTS
INFLOUROCENSE
FRUITS

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52
Q

IN HERBARIUM, WHAT IS A VASCULUM. WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE ?

A

IT IS A BOX IN WHICH PLANT SPEICEMENS ARE STORED
___________________________________

THE PREVENT LOSS OF WATER AND DISTORTIONS

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53
Q

WHAT CAN WE USE INSTEAD OF VASCULUM ?

A

POLYTHENE BAGS

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54
Q

IN VASCULUM ( HERBARIUM ), WHAT DO THE FIRLD NOTEBOOKS HOLD ?

A

HABIT
HABITAT
LOCALITY
ALTITUDE OF THE PLACE
SEASON
COLOURS OF FLOWER
DATE OF COLLECTION

55
Q

IN VASCULUM, AFTER THE SPECIMEN IS COLLECTED WHAT PROCESS TAKES PLACE ?

A

THEY ARE PRESSED B/W BLOTTING PAPER.

IT IS NESSACERY TO CHGE THE BLOTTING PAPER TO AVOID FUNGAL GROWTH

56
Q

IN VASCULUM, ONCE THE SPECIMEN IS DRIED ?

A

IT IS STICKED INTO HEBARIUM SHEET

57
Q

WHAT IS THE STANDERD LENGTH OF HERBARIUM SHEET ?

A

29CM X 41CM

58
Q

WHAT IS A BOTANICAL GARDEN ?

A

TYPES OF PLANTS FROM DIFFERENT PLACES

59
Q

WHICH COUNTRY HAS THE LARGEST BOTANICAL GARDEN ?

A

ENGLAND

60
Q

WHICH STATE IN INDIA HAS THE LARGEST BOTANICAL GARDEN ?

A

KOLKATA (INDIAN BOTANICALGARDEN )

61
Q

DEFINE ZOOLOGICAL PARKS ?

A

THEY ARE VERY SIMILAR TO ZOOS OR THEY ARE ZOOS. THEY HELP US TO STUDY ABOUT ANIMALS.

62
Q

WHAT IS THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR CALLED ?

A

ETHOLOGY

63
Q

NAME 2 IMP. ZOOS OF INDIA ?

A

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, MATHURA ROAD, NEW DELHI
___________________________________

NEHURU ZOOLOGICAL PARK, HYDERABAD, TELANGANA

64
Q

WHAT IS THE USE OF A MUSEUM ?

A

USED FOR PRESERVATION AND EXHIBITION

65
Q

WHICH TYPES OF PLANTS ARE KEPT IN MUSEUM EX. ?

A

PLANTS WHICH CANNOT BE KEPT IN HERBARIA ARE KEPT IN MUSEUMS
___________________________________

ALGAE
MOSSESS
FUNGI
FERN
PARTS OF GYMNOSPERMS
FRUITS
UNDERGROUND STORAGE ORGANS
ETC.

66
Q

WHAT DOES THE PRESERVATIVE SOLUTION CONTAIN ?

A

ALCHOHOL
&
FORMALIN

67
Q

HOW ARE LARGE ANIMALS PRESERVED IN MUSEUMS ?

A

IN STUFFED AND SKELETON FORMS

68
Q

WHAT IS A KEY ?

A

A SET OF OPPOSITE STAMENTS ARRANGED IN SEQUENCE OF SELECTION & ELIMINATION

69
Q

WHAT DOES A KEY CONTAIN ?

STRUCTURE

A

MANY COUPLETS
HAVE
2 LEADS WHICH ARE OPPOSITE IN NATURE

70
Q

DEPENDING ON CATEGORY WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF KEYS ?

A

CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

71
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF KEY ?

A

BRAKETED
_______________

INTENDED

72
Q

WHAT IS A BRACKETED KEY ?

A

THE LEADS ARE GIVEN NUMBERS IN BRACKETS

73
Q

WHAT IS A INTENDED KEY ?

A

THERE ARE 2 OR MORE LEADS FOR SELECTION & ELIMINATION

74
Q

WHAT ARE SOME OTHER MEANS OF RECORDING DESCRIPTIONS ?

A

FLORA
MANUALS
MONOGRAPHS
CATALOGES

75
Q

DEFINE FLORA ?

A

CONTAINS ALL INFO OF PLANTA OF AN AREA

76
Q

DEFINE MANUALS ?

A

CONTAINS INFO FOR IDENTIFICATION OF NAMES OF AN AREA

77
Q

DEFINE MONOGRAPHS ?

A

CONTAINS INFO ON ONLY 1 TAXON

78
Q

DEFINE CATALOGE ?

A

LIST OF PLANT TAXA OF AN AREA ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER OR SYSTEMATICAL ORDER

79
Q

WHAT IS NOMENCLATURE. WHAT IS THE USE ?

A

NOMENTURE = SCIENTIFIC NAME
_______________________________________________

BIOLOGIST FROM ANY PART OF THE WORLD WILL UNDERSTAND IT

LOCAL NAME = VERNACULAR NAMES

80
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF NOMENCLAUTURE ?

A

POLYNOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
TRINOMIAL NOMENCLAUTURE
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

81
Q

WHAT IS POLYNOMIAL NOMENCLATURE ?

A

HAS MANY LATIN WORD

82
Q

WHAT IS TRINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE ?

A

HAS 3 LATIN WORD

83
Q

SCIENTIFIC NAME OF INDIAN CROW ?

TRINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

A

CORVUS SPLENDENES SPLENDENES

84
Q

SCIENTIFIC NAME OF CABBAGE ?

TRINOMIAL NOMENCLAUTURE

A

BRASSICA OLERACEAE CAPITATA

85
Q

WHAT IS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE ?

A

HAS 2 LATIN WORDS

86
Q

WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME OF MANGO ?

BINOMIAL NOMENCLAUTURE

A

MANGIFERA INDICA

87
Q

RULES OF NOMENCLATURE

A

CODE WILL BE GIVEN TELL THE ANSWER

88
Q

ICBN 1961

A

INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BATANICAL NOMENCLATURE

89
Q

ICZN 1964

A

INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

90
Q

ICNB

A

INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR NOMENCLATURE OF BACTERIA

91
Q

ICNCP

A

INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR NOMENCLATURE OF CULTIVATED PLANTS

92
Q

ICTV

A

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTE FOR THE TAXONOMY OF VIRUSES

93
Q

INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGESS MEETING WAS HELD FOR WHAT PURPOSE. IN WHICH YEAR. AT WHAT PLACE ?

A

ICBN RULES FOR NOMENCLATURE
___________________________________

1867
___________________________________

PARIS ( SO IT IS CALLED PARIS CODE )

94
Q

WHAT IS THE LATEST ICBN CODE ?

A

VIENNA CODE ( 2006 )

95
Q

BIOLOGICAL NAMES ARE GENERALLY WRITTEN IN ?

RULES OF NOMENCLATURE

A

LATIN AND ITALICS

96
Q

THE SCIENTIFIC NAME CONSISTS OF
1ST WORD :-?
2ND WORD :- ?

A

GENUS —- NOUN——CAPITAL LETTER
___________________________________

SPECIES —-ADJECTIVE—-SMALL LETTER

97
Q

SAME GENERIC NAME CANNOT BE GIVEN
___________________________________

SAME SPECIFIC NAME CAN BE GIVEN EX :- ?

A

RAPHANUS SATIVUS
&
LATHYRUS SATIVUS

ONE PLANT ONE ANIMAL

98
Q

FULL FORM OF SPECIFIC NAME INCLUDES. EX. ?

A

GENERIC EPITHET
SPECIFIC EPITHET
AUTHOR CITATION
( ALL 3 ARE TOGETHER CALLED BINOMIAL EPITHET )
_______________________________________________

MANGIFERA INDICA LINN

99
Q

WHAT IS TAUTONYM. EX. ?

A

SCIENTIFIC NAME WITH SAME WORD USED FOR GENUS OR SPECIES
___________________________________

TAUTONYM MALUS MALUS NOW PYRUS MALUS OR NAJA NAJA

THEY ARE INVALID FOR BOTANICAL NAMES

100
Q

WHAT IS INDIAN COBRAS SCIENTIFIC NAME ?

A

MALUS MALUS NOW PYRUS MALUS OR NAJA NAJA

101
Q

THE NAMES OF FAMILIES AND SUB FAMILIES SHOULD BE BASED ON WHAT. EX. ?

A

TYPE GENUS
________________________________

BRASSICACEAE IS AFTER BRASSICA
______

ASTERACEAE IS AFTER GENUS ASTER

102
Q

IF 2 OR MORE NAMES ARE GIVEN. WHICH NAME IS VALID ?

A

THE OLDEST NAME IS VALID

RULE OF PRIORITY

103
Q

THER IS ONE VALID NAME BUT CAN HAVE MANY SYNONYMS.
EX:- ?

A

PHASEOLUS AUREUS VALID
______________________

VIGNA AUREUS SYNONYM

104
Q

AUTONYM
EX :- ?

SAME WORD FOR SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES

A

CORVUS SPLENDENS SPENDENES

105
Q

HOMONYM
EX:- ?

ONE NAME FOR 2 DIFFERENT PLANTS

A

PRUNUS DULSI ( ALMOND AND PLUM )

106
Q

WHAT IS CLASSIFICATION ?

A

GROUPING BASED ON SIMILARITIES

107
Q

WHAT IS TAXON ?

A

A UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION

108
Q

WHAT IS TAXA ?

A

GROUP OF TAXONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

109
Q

WHAT IS TAXONOMY ALSO CALLED AS ?

A

SYSTEMATICS

110
Q

THE WORD SYSTEMA WAS FIRST USED BY ?

A

LINNEUS

111
Q

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION ?

A

ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION SYS.
NATURAL CLASSIFICATION SYS.
PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION SYS.

112
Q

WHAT IS ARTIICIAL CLASSIFICATION ?

A

IN WHICH THEY ARE ARRNGED ACCORDING TO
HABIT
COLOUR
NUMBER
SHAPE OF LEAVES

113
Q

EXPLAIN SEXUAL SYS. OF CLASSIICATION.

A

IT IS A CLASSIFICATION SET BY LINNEUS IN WHICH ANGIOSPERMS ARE ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ARRANGEMENT OF STAMENS AND CARPELS

114
Q

EXPLAIN NATURAL CLASSIFICATION SYS.

A

ARANGED ACCORCING TO NATURAL RELATIONS INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY LIKE
ULTRA STRUCTURE
ANATOMY
EMBYOLOGY
PHTOCHEMISHTRY

115
Q

WHAT IS THE EG. FOR NATURAL SYS. OF CLASSIFICATION ?

A

BENTHAM AND HOOKERS SYS. OF CLASSIFICATION

116
Q

WHAT IS PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION ?

A

BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

117
Q

EG. FOR PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION ?

A

EICHLER CLASSIFICATION
ENGLER AND PRNATL CLASSIFICATION

118
Q

WHAT IS NUMERICAL TAXONOMY ?

A

BASED ON OBSERVAL CHARECTORS, USING COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE

119
Q

WHAT IS CYTOTAXONOMY ?

A

BASED ON NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES, STRUCTURE & BEHAVIOR

120
Q

WHAT IS CHEMOTAXONOMY ?

A

BASED ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ON PLANTS

121
Q

WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF TAXONOMIC HIERACHY/ LINNEUS HIERACHY ?

A

KINGDOM
DIVISION
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

122
Q

EXPLAIN HOW TO READ TAXONOMIC HIERACHY ?

A

LOWER TAXA - MORECHERECTERISTICS
HIGHER CATEGORY- MORE DIFFICULTY IN RELATING

123
Q

DEFINE SPECIES ?

A

SMALLEST UNITS IN HIERACHY.COMMON ANCESTOR.SAME NO. OF CHROMOSOMES

124
Q

NAME SOME SPECIES ?

A

MANGIFERA INDICA
SOLANUM TUBEROSUM
HOMO SAPIEN

125
Q

WHAT IS A GENUS ?

A

HAS MANY SPECIES AND FORMS FIRST PART OF BINOMIAL SYSTEM

126
Q

EG. FOR GENUS ?

A

**SOLANUM **TUBEROLUS-POTATO
SOLANUM MELONGENA-BRINGAL
_____________________________________________

PANTHERA LEO-LION
PANTHERA TIGRIS-TIGER
_______________________________________________

ALLIUM CEPA - ONION
**ALLIUM **SATIVUM-GARLIC

127
Q

WHAT IS A FAMILY ?

A

MANY GENUS

128
Q

EG. FAMILY ?

PLANT WITH SUFFIX, ANIMAL WITH SUFFIX,

A

MALVACEAE
FABACEAE
SOLANACEAE
___________________________________

EQUEDAE(HORSE FAMILY)
RANIDAE ( FROG FAMILY )
BLATTIDAE ( COCKROACH )
CANIDAE ( DOG FAMILY )
FELIDAE ( CAT FAMILY )

129
Q

WHAT IS A ORDER ?

A

MANY FAMILY

130
Q

EG. FOR ORDER ?

A

FLORAL- POLEMONIALES ( SOLANECEAE & CONVOLVULACEAE)
CARNIVOROUS- CARNIVORA ( CANIDAE & FELIDAE )

131
Q

EG FOR CLASS ?

A

CHLOROPHYCEAE
REPTILES, AVES, MAMMALS ECT.

132
Q

EG FOR KINGDOM ?

A

PLANT KINGDOM
ANIMAL KINGDOM

133
Q

ACCORDING TO ICBN THE STANDERD SUFFIX ARE ?

A

DIVISION - PHYTA
CLASS- PHYCEAE OR OPSIDA
ORDER- ALES
FAMILY- ACEAE
IN ANIMAL KINGDOM :-
FAMILY- IDAE
CLASS- AE

SELF STUDY ( MEDICAL ) (30 decks)

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