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Anatomy and Physiology > CHAPTER 1: The Human Body (Introduction) > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1: The Human Body (Introduction) Flashcards

KNOWING THE BASICS WILL HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS

1
Q

What is the study of body structure?

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

What is the study of body functions?

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What is the study of disorders of the body’s normal functioning?

A

Pathophysiology

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4
Q

Who is the first to correctly illustrate the human skeleton with all of its bones?

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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5
Q

Who is the one who first explained how the blood circulates in one’s body?

A

William Harvey

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6
Q

Give the correct order of the Humans Structural Organization.

A

(CH-C-T-O-OS-OR)

Chemical, Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organ System, and Organism.

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7
Q

The human body is divided into how many divisions?

A

The human body is divided into 2 divisions

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8
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Human Body?

A

Structural Level and Functioning Level

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9
Q

Chemical Level is divided into how many divisions?

A

2 divisions

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10
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Chemical Level?

A

Organic Chemicals and Inorganic Chemical

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11
Q

What are simple molecules composed of 2 or more elements?

A

Inorganic Chemicals

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12
Q

What are chemicals that are composed of C and H?

A

Organic Chemicals

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13
Q

CO2 is an exemption of what division of Chemical Level?

A

Inorganic Chemicals

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14
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

it is the “state of being stable” or “state of being in equilibrium.”

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15
Q

Describe the Anatomic Position

A

An Individual is in Anatomic Position when he/she is facing forward while standing straight, with arms in their sides while palm facing forward and pollex is pointing laterally, and when their feet are slightly apart or together (?)

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16
Q

Why is Anatomic Position Important?

A

Anatomic Position is crucial because it provides individuals the ability to have a clear and consistent way of studying Human Anatomy and Physiology.

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17
Q

What is a Metabolism?

A

it is the chemical and physical processes that take place in the human body.

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18
Q

What is a Metabolic Rate?

A

it is the “speed” of how the human body processes within 24 hours.

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19
Q

What are the two types of Homeostasis?

A

Positive Feedback and Negative Feedback

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20
Q

What is a Positive Feedback?

A

it is the “external brake” that implies change within a stimulus in order to achieve Homeostasis.

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21
Q

What is a Negative Feedback?

A

it is the “internal brake” that reduces change within a stimulus in order to achieve Homeostasis.

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22
Q

How many quadrants are there in a Human Abdomen?

A

4 Quadrants

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23
Q

What are the 4 Quadrants in the Human Abdomen?

A

Right and Left Upper Quadrant and Right and Left Lower Quadrant.

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24
Q

How many regions are there in a Human Abdomen?

A

9 Regions

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25
Q

What are the 9 Regions in the Human Abdomen?

A

Right and Left Hypochondriac Region, Right and Left Lumbar Region, Right and Left Illiac Region, Epigastric Region, Umbilical Region, and Hypogastric Region.

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26
Q

Why are there 9 Regions in the Human Abdomen?

A

that is because of 2 transverse cuts and 2 sagittal cuts.

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27
Q

Why are there 4 Quadrants in the Human Abdomen?

A

that is because of the intersection of 1 transverse and 1 midsagittal cut at the umbilical region.

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28
Q

There are how many basic reference systems in studying Human Anatomy?

A

4 basic reference system

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29
Q

What are the four basic reference systems?

A

(D-P-C-SU)

Direction, Planes, Cavities, and Structural Units

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30
Q

How many directional terms are there?

A

8 direction in describing the positions of the whole human body

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31
Q

What are the 8 directional terms?

A

Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, and Distal.

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32
Q

What is the meaning of Superior?

A

uppermost or above

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33
Q

What is the meaning of Inferior?

A

lowermost or below

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34
Q

What is the meaning of Posterior?

A

towards the back

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35
Q

What is the meaning of Anterior?

A

towards the front

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36
Q

What is the meaning of Medial?

A

nearest at the midline of the human body

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37
Q

What is the meaning of Lateral?

A

towards the side or away from the midline

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38
Q

What is the meaning of Proximal?

A

nearest the point of attachment

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39
Q

What is the meaning of Distal?

A

away from the point of attachment

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40
Q

What is the other term of Anterior?

A

Ventral

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41
Q

What is the other term of Posterior?

A

Dorsal

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42
Q

The Head is ____ to the Abdomen

A

Superior

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43
Q

The patella is ______ to the Pelvic girdle

A

Inferior and Distal

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44
Q

The spinal cord is _____ to the heart

A

Posterior

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45
Q

The mammaries are ____to the scapula

A

Anterior

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46
Q

The sternum is at the ______ of the body

A

Medial

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47
Q

The elbow is ______ to the shoulders

A

Distal

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48
Q

The elbow is _____ to the wrist

A

Proximal

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49
Q

The kneecap is ______ to the ankle

A

Proximal

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50
Q

The wrist is _____ to the shoulder

A

Distal

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51
Q

The funny bone is ______ to the sternum

A

Lateral

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52
Q

What is a Plane?

A

are imaginary flat geometric surfaces that are useful in describing dissections in an organ or a body as a whole

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53
Q

How many planes are there?

A

at least 3 planes

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54
Q

What are the 3 planes used to describe the Human Body?

A

Frontal, Transverse, and Sagittal plane

sometimes, Oblique

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55
Q

What is the other term for Frontal Plane?

A

Coronal Planes

56
Q

What is the other term for Transverse Plane?

A

Horizontal Planes

57
Q

What is the other term for Sagittal Plane?

A

Vertical Planes

58
Q

What plane divides vertically into right and left portions

A

Sagittal Plane

59
Q

What section of a plane divides vertically into equal right and left portions at the umbilical region?

A

Midsagittal section/plane

60
Q

What plane divides horizontally into Superior and Inferior portions?

A

Transverse plane

61
Q

What plane divides vertically into unequal right and left portions?

A

Parasagittal plane

62
Q

What plane is the right angle of a sagittal plane dividing into Anterior and Posterior portions?

A

Frontal/Coronal Plane

63
Q

Cephalad is synonymous with _____?

A

Superior

64
Q

Caudal is occasionally synonymous with ____?

A

Inferior

65
Q

What is the true meaning of Caudal?

A

towards the tail

66
Q

What is a Cross-section?

A

is a section that divides perpendicular (right angle) to the long axis

67
Q

What is a Longitudinal section?

A

a section the divides vertically to a long axis

68
Q

What terms are used to reveal the internal structures of organs?

A

Cross-section and Longitudinal section

69
Q

There are how many cavities in the human body?

A

2 cavities

70
Q

What are the 2 cavities in the human body?

A

Ventral (Anterior) cavity and Dorsal (Posterior) cavity

71
Q

How many subdivisions are there in Dorsal Cavity?

A

2 subdivision

72
Q

The dorsal cavity is composed of the ___?

A

Nervous System

73
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Dorsal Cavity?

A

Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity

74
Q

The cranial cavity is composed of ___?

A

Brain

75
Q

The Spinal cavity is composed of ____?

A

Spinal cord

76
Q

Meninges lines the ____ and covers the ____ and the _____.

A

cavities, brain, and spinal cord

77
Q

Meninges is divided into how many subdivisions?

A

3

78
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of Meninges

A

dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater

79
Q

What is a dura mater?

A

outermost

80
Q

What is a pia mater?

A

innermost

81
Q

What is an arachnoid mater?

A

middle part

82
Q

How many subdivisions are there in the Ventral Cavity?

A

2 subdivisions

83
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Ventral Cavity?

A

Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.

84
Q

The pelvic cavity is a subdivision of what cavity?

A

Abdominal cavity

85
Q

What organ acts as a wall or barrier to the 2 Ventral cavities?

A

Diaphragm

86
Q

What is a large pouch-like respiratory muscle

A

Diaphragm

87
Q

What is the first subdivision of the Ventral cavity

A

Thoracic cavity

88
Q

What is the second subdivision of the Ventral cavity

A

Abdominopelvic cavity or the abdominal cavity

89
Q

The thoracic cavity is divided into how many subdivisions?

A

2 subdivisions

90
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the TC?

A

Pericardial membrane and Pleural membrane

91
Q

What is a Pericardial membrane?

A

a serous membrane that lines the heart cavity and covers and protects the heart

92
Q

What is a Pleural membrane?

A

a serous membrane the lines the chest wall and covers and protects the lungs

93
Q

The pericardial membrane is divided into how many subdivisions?

A

2 subdivisions

94
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the pericardial membrane?

A

Parietal pericardium and Visceral pericardium

95
Q

What is a Parietal pericardium?

A

(outer layer) a membrane that lines the pericardial sac

96
Q

What is a Visceral pericardium?

A

a membrane that covers and protects the heart (pericardial sac)

97
Q

The pleural membrane is divided into how many subdivisions?

A

2 subdivisions

98
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the pleural membrane?

A

Parietal pleura and Visceral pleura

99
Q

What is a Parietal pleura?

A

a membrane that lines the chest walls

100
Q

What is a Visceral pleura?

A

a membrane that covers and protects the lungs

101
Q

What is a Mediastinum?

A

a space between the 2 TC

102
Q

Mediastinum is composed of ______

A

heart, thyroid gland, lymph, blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and nerves

103
Q

Is the second subdivision of the Ventral cavity

A

Abdominal/Abdominopelvic cavity

104
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity contains ______

A

liver, kidney, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small and large intestines, and gallbladder
In females, the uterus and ovaries

105
Q

The abdominal cavity is divided into how many divisions?

A

2 divisions

106
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the AC?

A

Peritoneal membrane and Pelvic cavity

107
Q

Peritoneal membrane is divided into how many subdivisions?

A

2 subdivision

108
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Peritoneal membrane?

A

Peritoneum and Mesentery

109
Q

What is a Peritoneum?

A

a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

110
Q

What is a Mesentery?

A

a serous membrane continuing the Peritoneum.

it is folded and its function is to cover abdominal organs

111
Q

What is the Peritoneum in the Pelvic cavity?

A

it does not line the pelvic cavity but it covers some of the pelvic organs

112
Q

What are the terms used to describe cavities?

A

Parietal and Visceral

113
Q

What is a Parietal in cavities?

A

refers to the walls of the cavity

114
Q

What is Visceral in cavities?

A

refers to the covering of organs

115
Q

What is a Viscera?

A

refers to the organs of any cavities

116
Q

What is a Structural Level?

A

the formation of tissue, organs, and different parts of the human body.

117
Q

What is a Functioning Level?

A

the “hows” of tissue, organs, and different parts of the human body works (functions)

118
Q

What does Ventral mean?

A

belly side

119
Q

What does Dorsal mean?

A

backside

120
Q

What cavity contains the organs that are involved in maintaining homeostasis?

A

Ventral cavity

121
Q

What is a Serous membrane?

A

a membrane that lines closed internal body cavity

122
Q

There are how many types of muscle tissue?

A

3 types

123
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal (Voluntary), Smooth (Involuntary), and Cardiac muscle

124
Q

What is the function of Skeletal Muscle?

A

It pulls the bones and creates movement

125
Q

Where can Smooth muscles be found?

A

In the intestines and Blood vessels

126
Q

Where can Cardiac Muscle be found?

A

only in the heart

127
Q

How many types of tissues are there?

A

4 types

128
Q

What are the different types of tissues?

A

Epithelial TIssue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, and Nerve Tissue

129
Q

What is Epithelial tissue?

A

is a type of tissue that covers and lines body surfaces. it is the outer layer of body surfaces

130
Q

What are Connective Tissues?

A

it functions is to connect, support, transport, and store

131
Q

What are Muscle tissues?

A

is a type of tissue that contracts and produces movements

132
Q

Whare are Nerve Tissues?

A

is a type of tissue that is specialized in generating and transporting electrochemical impulses throughout the body. Transports ‘Nerve cell’ that messages our organs to move.

133
Q

What is a cell?

A

a cell is the smallest living organism

134
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a tissue is a group of cells

135
Q

What is an organ?

A

an organ is a group of tissue that has specific functions

136
Q

What is an organ system?

A

an organ system is a group of organs that has a specific function

137
Q

What is an organism?

A

an organism is composed of all the structural units in the human body (Chemical, cells, tissues, organs, and organ system)

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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