CHAPTER 1: The Human Body (Introduction) Flashcards
KNOWING THE BASICS WILL HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS (137 cards)
1
Q
What is the study of body structure?
A
Anatomy
2
Q
What is the study of body functions?
A
Physiology
3
Q
What is the study of disorders of the body’s normal functioning?
A
Pathophysiology
4
Q
Who is the first to correctly illustrate the human skeleton with all of its bones?
A
Leonardo da Vinci
5
Q
Who is the one who first explained how the blood circulates in one’s body?
A
William Harvey
6
Q
Give the correct order of the Humans Structural Organization.
A
(CH-C-T-O-OS-OR)
Chemical, Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organ System, and Organism.
7
Q
The human body is divided into how many divisions?
A
The human body is divided into 2 divisions
8
Q
What are the 2 divisions of the Human Body?
A
Structural Level and Functioning Level
9
Q
Chemical Level is divided into how many divisions?
A
2 divisions
10
Q
What are the 2 divisions of the Chemical Level?
A
Organic Chemicals and Inorganic Chemical
11
Q
What are simple molecules composed of 2 or more elements?
A
Inorganic Chemicals
12
Q
What are chemicals that are composed of C and H?
A
Organic Chemicals
13
Q
CO2 is an exemption of what division of Chemical Level?
A
Inorganic Chemicals
14
Q
What is Homeostasis?
A
it is the “state of being stable” or “state of being in equilibrium.”
15
Q
Describe the Anatomic Position
A
An Individual is in Anatomic Position when he/she is facing forward while standing straight, with arms in their sides while palm facing forward and pollex is pointing laterally, and when their feet are slightly apart or together (?)
16
Q
Why is Anatomic Position Important?
A
Anatomic Position is crucial because it provides individuals the ability to have a clear and consistent way of studying Human Anatomy and Physiology.
17
Q
What is a Metabolism?
A
it is the chemical and physical processes that take place in the human body.
18
Q
What is a Metabolic Rate?
A
it is the “speed” of how the human body processes within 24 hours.
19
Q
What are the two types of Homeostasis?
A
Positive Feedback and Negative Feedback
20
Q
What is a Positive Feedback?
A
it is the “external brake” that implies change within a stimulus in order to achieve Homeostasis.
21
Q
What is a Negative Feedback?
A
it is the “internal brake” that reduces change within a stimulus in order to achieve Homeostasis.
22
Q
How many quadrants are there in a Human Abdomen?
A
4 Quadrants
23
Q
What are the 4 Quadrants in the Human Abdomen?
A
Right and Left Upper Quadrant and Right and Left Lower Quadrant.
24
Q
How many regions are there in a Human Abdomen?
A
9 Regions
25
What are the 9 Regions in the Human Abdomen?
Right and Left Hypochondriac Region, Right and Left Lumbar Region, Right and Left Illiac Region, Epigastric Region, Umbilical Region, and Hypogastric Region.
26
Why are there 9 Regions in the Human Abdomen?
that is because of 2 transverse cuts and 2 sagittal cuts.
27
Why are there 4 Quadrants in the Human Abdomen?
that is because of the intersection of 1 transverse and 1 midsagittal cut at the umbilical region.
28
There are how many basic reference systems in studying Human Anatomy?
4 basic reference system
29
What are the four basic reference systems?
(D-P-C-SU)
| Direction, Planes, Cavities, and Structural Units
30
How many directional terms are there?
8 direction in describing the positions of the whole human body
31
What are the 8 directional terms?
Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, and Distal.
32
What is the meaning of Superior?
uppermost or above
33
What is the meaning of Inferior?
lowermost or below
34
What is the meaning of Posterior?
towards the back
35
What is the meaning of Anterior?
towards the front
36
What is the meaning of Medial?
nearest at the midline of the human body
37
What is the meaning of Lateral?
towards the side or away from the midline
38
What is the meaning of Proximal?
nearest the point of attachment
39
What is the meaning of Distal?
away from the point of attachment
40
What is the other term of Anterior?
Ventral
41
What is the other term of Posterior?
Dorsal
42
The Head is ____ to the Abdomen
Superior
43
The patella is ______ to the Pelvic girdle
Inferior and Distal
44
The spinal cord is _____ to the heart
Posterior
45
The mammaries are ____to the scapula
Anterior
46
The sternum is at the ______ of the body
Medial
47
The elbow is ______ to the shoulders
Distal
48
The elbow is _____ to the wrist
Proximal
49
The kneecap is ______ to the ankle
Proximal
50
The wrist is _____ to the shoulder
Distal
51
The funny bone is ______ to the sternum
Lateral
52
What is a Plane?
are imaginary flat geometric surfaces that are useful in describing dissections in an organ or a body as a whole
53
How many planes are there?
at least 3 planes
54
What are the 3 planes used to describe the Human Body?
Frontal, Transverse, and Sagittal plane
| sometimes, Oblique
55
What is the other term for Frontal Plane?
Coronal Planes
56
What is the other term for Transverse Plane?
Horizontal Planes
57
What is the other term for Sagittal Plane?
Vertical Planes
58
What plane divides vertically into right and left portions
Sagittal Plane
59
What section of a plane divides vertically into equal right and left portions at the umbilical region?
Midsagittal section/plane
60
What plane divides horizontally into Superior and Inferior portions?
Transverse plane
61
What plane divides vertically into unequal right and left portions?
Parasagittal plane
62
What plane is the right angle of a sagittal plane dividing into Anterior and Posterior portions?
Frontal/Coronal Plane
63
Cephalad is synonymous with _____?
Superior
64
Caudal is occasionally synonymous with ____?
Inferior
65
What is the true meaning of Caudal?
towards the tail
66
What is a Cross-section?
is a section that divides perpendicular (right angle) to the long axis
67
What is a Longitudinal section?
a section the divides vertically to a long axis
68
What terms are used to reveal the internal structures of organs?
Cross-section and Longitudinal section
69
There are how many cavities in the human body?
2 cavities
70
What are the 2 cavities in the human body?
Ventral (Anterior) cavity and Dorsal (Posterior) cavity
71
How many subdivisions are there in Dorsal Cavity?
2 subdivision
72
The dorsal cavity is composed of the ___?
Nervous System
73
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Dorsal Cavity?
Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity
74
The cranial cavity is composed of ___?
Brain
75
The Spinal cavity is composed of ____?
Spinal cord
76
Meninges lines the ____ and covers the ____ and the _____.
cavities, brain, and spinal cord
77
Meninges is divided into how many subdivisions?
3
78
What are the 3 subdivisions of Meninges
dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater
79
What is a dura mater?
outermost
80
What is a pia mater?
innermost
81
What is an arachnoid mater?
middle part
82
How many subdivisions are there in the Ventral Cavity?
2 subdivisions
83
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Ventral Cavity?
Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.
84
The pelvic cavity is a subdivision of what cavity?
Abdominal cavity
85
What organ acts as a wall or barrier to the 2 Ventral cavities?
Diaphragm
86
What is a large pouch-like respiratory muscle
Diaphragm
87
What is the first subdivision of the Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
88
What is the second subdivision of the Ventral cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity or the abdominal cavity
89
The thoracic cavity is divided into how many subdivisions?
2 subdivisions
90
What are the 2 subdivisions of the TC?
Pericardial membrane and Pleural membrane
91
What is a Pericardial membrane?
a serous membrane that lines the heart cavity and covers and protects the heart
92
What is a Pleural membrane?
a serous membrane the lines the chest wall and covers and protects the lungs
93
The pericardial membrane is divided into how many subdivisions?
2 subdivisions
94
What are the 2 subdivisions of the pericardial membrane?
Parietal pericardium and Visceral pericardium
95
What is a Parietal pericardium?
(outer layer) a membrane that lines the pericardial sac
96
What is a Visceral pericardium?
a membrane that covers and protects the heart (pericardial sac)
97
The pleural membrane is divided into how many subdivisions?
2 subdivisions
98
What are the 2 subdivisions of the pleural membrane?
Parietal pleura and Visceral pleura
99
What is a Parietal pleura?
a membrane that lines the chest walls
100
What is a Visceral pleura?
a membrane that covers and protects the lungs
101
What is a Mediastinum?
a space between the 2 TC
102
Mediastinum is composed of ______
heart, thyroid gland, lymph, blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and nerves
103
Is the second subdivision of the Ventral cavity
Abdominal/Abdominopelvic cavity
104
Abdominopelvic cavity contains ______
liver, kidney, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small and large intestines, and gallbladder
In females, the uterus and ovaries
105
The abdominal cavity is divided into how many divisions?
2 divisions
106
What are the 2 subdivisions of the AC?
Peritoneal membrane and Pelvic cavity
107
Peritoneal membrane is divided into how many subdivisions?
2 subdivision
108
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Peritoneal membrane?
Peritoneum and Mesentery
109
What is a Peritoneum?
a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
110
What is a Mesentery?
a serous membrane continuing the Peritoneum.
| it is folded and its function is to cover abdominal organs
111
What is the Peritoneum in the Pelvic cavity?
it does not line the pelvic cavity but it covers some of the pelvic organs
112
What are the terms used to describe cavities?
Parietal and Visceral
113
What is a Parietal in cavities?
refers to the walls of the cavity
114
What is Visceral in cavities?
refers to the covering of organs
115
What is a Viscera?
refers to the organs of any cavities
116
What is a Structural Level?
the formation of tissue, organs, and different parts of the human body.
117
What is a Functioning Level?
the "hows" of tissue, organs, and different parts of the human body works (functions)
118
What does Ventral mean?
belly side
119
What does Dorsal mean?
backside
120
What cavity contains the organs that are involved in maintaining homeostasis?
Ventral cavity
121
What is a Serous membrane?
a membrane that lines closed internal body cavity
122
There are how many types of muscle tissue?
3 types
123
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal (Voluntary), Smooth (Involuntary), and Cardiac muscle
124
What is the function of Skeletal Muscle?
It pulls the bones and creates movement
125
Where can Smooth muscles be found?
In the intestines and Blood vessels
126
Where can Cardiac Muscle be found?
only in the heart
127
How many types of tissues are there?
4 types
128
What are the different types of tissues?
Epithelial TIssue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, and Nerve Tissue
129
What is Epithelial tissue?
is a type of tissue that covers and lines body surfaces. it is the outer layer of body surfaces
130
What are Connective Tissues?
it functions is to connect, support, transport, and store
131
What are Muscle tissues?
is a type of tissue that contracts and produces movements
132
Whare are Nerve Tissues?
is a type of tissue that is specialized in generating and transporting electrochemical impulses throughout the body. Transports 'Nerve cell' that messages our organs to move.
133
What is a cell?
a cell is the smallest living organism
134
What is a tissue?
a tissue is a group of cells
135
What is an organ?
an organ is a group of tissue that has specific functions
136
What is an organ system?
an organ system is a group of organs that has a specific function
137
What is an organism?
an organism is composed of all the structural units in the human body (Chemical, cells, tissues, organs, and organ system)
