Chapter 1 The Human Body

Question 1

Integumentary System

Answer 1

skin, hair, and nails

Question 2

Skeletal System

Answer 2

bones, joints, and cartilage

Question 3

Muscular System

Answer 3

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones for movement and maintenance for body posture.

Cardiac muscles are found in the heart to pump blood throughout the body.

Smooth muscles are various organs and tubes. Contraction and relaxation of these muscles helps move body fluids.

Question 4

Nervous System

Answer 4

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs

Question 5

Endocrine System

Answer 5

Glands that secrete hormones and chemical substances that regulate body activities such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, and water
balance.

Question 6

Circulatory System

Answer 6

blood, heart, and blood vessels

Question 7

Lymphatic System

Answer 7

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, and other lymph organs

Lymphatic structures play an important role in fluid balance and in the defense of the body against pathogens and other foreign material.

Question 8

Immune System

Answer 8

A defense system that protects the body not only from pathogens,
but also from allergens, such as pollens, bee venom, and some of our own cells that have gone awry (cancer cells).

Question 9

Respiratory System

Answer 9

Contains the lungs and other
structures that conduct air to and from the lungs.

Question 10

Digestive System

Answer 10

Composed of organs designed to ingest food and break it down into substances that can be absorbed by the body. Food that is not absorbed is eliminated as waste.

Question 11

Urinary System

Answer 11

Contains the kidneys and other
structures that help excrete waste products from the body through the urine. The urinary system also helps control the water, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance in the body.

Question 12

Reproductive System

Answer 12

Contains organs and structures that enable humans to reproduce.

Question 13

Homeostasis

Answer 13

Staying the same

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment.

Question 14

Anatomical Position

Answer 14

Standing erect, with the face forward, the arms at the sides, and the toes and palms of the hands directed forward

Question 15

Superior

Answer 15

A part is above another part or is closer to the head.

Question 16

Inferior

Answer 16

A part located below another part or closer to the feet.

Question 17

Posterior

Answer 17

dorsal

toward the back surface (behind)

Question 18

Medial

Answer 18

toward the midline of the body

ex. the nose is medial to the ears

Question 19

Lateral

Answer 19

away from the midline of the body

ex. the ears are lateral to the nose

Question 20

Proximal

Answer 20

a structure being is nearer to the point of attachment

ex. the elbow is proximal to the the wrist (from the shoulder)

Question 21

Distal

Answer 21

a structure being is farther away to the point of attachment

ex. the fingers are distal to the wrist

Question 22

Superficial

Answer 22

a part is located on or near the surface of the body

ex. the skin is superficial to the muscles

Question 23

Deep

Answer 23

a part is away from the surface of the body

ex. the bones are deep to the skin

Question 24

Central

Answer 24

a part being located in the center

Question 25

**Peripheral**

Answer 25

being away from the center

Question 26

**Sagittal Plane**

Answer 26

a plane down the midline of the body separating left and right

Question 27

**Frontal Plane**

Answer 27

also known as the *coronal plane*, a plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior portions (front and back)

Question 28

**Transverse Plane**

Answer 28

a plane that divides the body from top (superior) and bottom (inferior). When the body or an organ is cut transversely it is called a *cross section.*

Question 29

What two regions are in the **Dorsal Cavity**?

Answer 29

The **cranial cavity** and the **spinal (vertebral) cavity**.

Question 30

What does the **Cranial Cavity** contain?

Answer 30

The cranial cavity is located within the skull and **contains the brain**. It also contains a continuous space with the _spinal cavity_

Question 31

What does the **Spinal Cavity** contain?

Answer 31

The spinal or *vertebral* cavity contains the **spinal cord**. It extends downward from the cranial cavity and is surrounded by bony vertebrae. It also contains a continuous space with the _cranial cavity_

Question 32

What two regions are in the **Ventral Cavity**?

Answer 32

The **thoracic cavity** and the **abdominopelvic cavity.**

Question 33

What does the **Thoracic Cavity** contain?

Answer 33

The thoracic cavity is located above the diaphragm and is surrounded by the rib cage. It's divided into two compartments by the **mediastinum**; the **pericardial cavity** and **pleural cavities.**

Question 34

What does the **Mediastinum** contain?

Answer 34

The **heart**, **thymus gland**, parts of the **esophagus**, **trachea**, and **large blood vessels** that are attached to the heart.

Question 35

Where is the **Pericardial Cavity** located?

Answer 35

The pericardial cavity is located **within the mediastinum and contains the heart**.

Question 36

What are the **Pleural Cavities?**

Answer 36

The pleural cavities are the **left and right lungs** (next to the mediastinum). The lungs occupy most of the space within the thoracic cavity.

Question 37

What does the **Abdominopelvic Cavity** contain?

Answer 37

_Located under the diaphragm_, upper portion is the **abdominal cavity** and the the lower portion is the **pelvic cavity**.

Question 38

What does the **Abdominal Cavity** contain?

Answer 38

It contains the **stomach**, most of the **intestines**, the **liver**, **gallbladder**, **pancreas**, **spleen**, and **kidneys**.

Question 39

What does the **Pelvic Cavity** contain?

Answer 39

It _extends downward from the level of the hips_ and includes the remainder of the **intestines**, **rectum**, **urinary bladder**, and the internal parts of the **reproductive system**.