Chapter 1 Mobile Devices Flashcards
Replacement components available only from the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) are components such as:
display
keyboard
wireless network card
system board
Replacement components that can be purchased from third-party sources are components such as:
Optical drives
Hard drives
Memory
CPU
A laptop is powered by:
an internal battery and an AC adapter that also charges the battery
Laptops include several components typically not included on desktop computers. Some of these components are:
an antenna in the display that is connected to a mini-PCIe card to provide wireless networking
a key-board with an integrated touchpad or pointing stick
a touchscreen or non-touchscreen display
integrated speakers
What are some of the best practices you should use to make the laptop reassembly process as easy as possible:
Refer to manufacturer documentation
Use appropriate hand tools for case disassembly and component removal
Document and label cable and screw locations
Organize parts
What components can be accessed from the bottom of the laptop?
The battery
Mass storage (hard disk, SSD, SSHD, or optical drive)
SODIMM RAM
Wireless adapter
To replace a keyboard (with or without a pointing stick), follow this basic procedure:
- Disconnect the laptop from AC power and remove the battery
- Remove the screws that hold the keyboard in place
- Turn the laptop upright
- Open the screen so that the keyboard is visible
- If necessary, remove the bezel that holds the keyboard in place
- Lift up the keyboard to expose the keyboard cable
- Remove any hold-down devices used to hold the keyboard cable in place
- Disconnect the keyboard cable from the system board
- Remove the keyboard
To install a replacement, reverse these steps
Most laptop computers use one 2.5 in. storage drive that comes in one of three common choices:
HDD
SSD
SSHD
What is a Hard disk drive (HDD):
These magnetic disks have been a standard option for years and combine low cost with large capacity
They are slower and less reliable than the other options
What is a Solid-state drive (SSD)?
a flash memory drive with no moving parts
It is much faster than an HDD when booting and storing or retrieving data
Many newer laptops have M.2 expansion ports and can support:
an M.2 SSD card that is directly mounted to the circuit board for even faster reading
What is a Solid-state hybrid drive (SSHD)?
a combination of a solid-state cache with magnetic capacity
it uses a memory manager to choose the most common files for the fast cache
Comparison of HDD, SSD, and SSHD
Cost; Capacity; Speed; Reliability
HDD
Least expensive and readily available; Highest capacity; Slowest due to moving parts and magnetic disks; Has moving parts that can wear over time
Comparison of HDD, SSD, and SSHD
Cost; Capacity; Speed; Reliability
SSD
Most expensive but price is dropping; Lowest capacity but improving; Fastest; Has no moving parts
Comparison of HDD, SSD, and SSHD
Cost; Capacity; Speed; Reliability
SSHD
Midrange cost; Blends high HDD capacity with fast solid-state cache for most used files; Blends fast solid-state cache with slower magnetic storage; Has moving parts that can wear out but spins less than HDD
Follow this procedure to remove and replace a storage device (HDD, SSD, SSHD) accessible from the bottom:
- Disconnect the laptop from AC power and remove the battery
- Loosen or remove the screw or screws used to hold the drive cover in place
- Slide the cover away from the retaining lug or clips and remove it
- Remove the screws holding the drive to the chassis
- Slide the drive away from the retaining screw holes and lift out of the chassis
- If the computer uses an interposer- that is, a proprietary connector linking the drive’s SATA connector and the drive bay- remove it and save it for reuse
- Remove the screws fastening the drive to the drive frame
- Remove the drive from the drive frame
- Insert the new hard drive into the drive frame
Reverse these steps to install a new hard drive
When you install a new hard drive what must you do once the system is restarted?
Start the computer
Enter the BIOS or UEFI setup program to verify that the new hard drive has been properly recognized by the system
Type of RAM Description:
RAM (random access memory)
Volatile memory not for storage
Type of RAM Description:
SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM)
Combines static RAM and dynamic RAM
Type of RAM Description:
SDR SDRAM (single data rate SDRAM)
Single data rate means internal clock rate and input/output are the same
Type of RAM Description:
DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM), DDR2, DDR3, DDR4
Xxx, DDR4 is the latest generation
Type of RAM Description:
DIMM (dual in-line memory module)
Form factor used in desktops
Type of RAM Description:
SODIMM (small outline DIMM)
Form factor used in laptops
You need to note the following before you can select the right memory upgrade for a laptop:
Form factor
Memory speed
Memory timing
To determine the correct memory to use for a memory upgrade, use one of the following methods:
Use the interactive memory upgrade tools available from major third-party memory vendors’ websites
(ActiveX web control, Crucial System Scanner)
Check the vendor’s memory specifications
Generally, laptops have two connectors for memory, typically using:
small outline DiMMs (SODIMMs)
Number of Pins; Notch Location; Notes
DDR
200; After pin 20; 67.6mm long and 30mm high; Notch closer to short end* than with DDR2
Number of Pins; Notch Location; Notes
DDR2
200; After pin 20; Notch closer to long end* than with DDR
Number of Pins; Notch Location; Notes
DDR3
204; After pin 36; Same dimensions as DDR
Number of Pins; Notch Location; Notes
DDR4
260; After pin 144; 69.7mm long and 30mm high
Follow these steps to perform a typical memory upgrade:
- Disconnect the laptop from AC power and remove the battery
- Remove any screws or hold-down devices
- Remove the old memory module(s), if necessary. To remove a memory module, pull back the clips on both sides and swing the memory up and out
- Insert the new memory upgrade, making sure the contacts on the edge of the module make a firm connection with the connector
- Push the top of the module down until the latches lock into place
- If the memory socket requires screws to secure the memory in place, install them
- Close the cover and secure it to complete the upgrade
- Test the upgrade by starting the system and running a memory diagnostic tool
A smart card reader is typically used on:
corporate laptops for access control
Smart cards are:
usually plastic with an embedded chip to authenticate a user for access
To remove a smart card reader follow this procedure:
- Disconnect the laptop from AC power and remove the battery
- Remove the bottom cover
- Locate the ribbon cable connecting the reader to the motherboard
- Disconnect the ribbon cable
- Remove the screws holding the reader in place
- Remove the reader from the system
To replace the smart card reader, reverse these steps
Although built-in optical drives are moving toward legacy status, some laptops feature:
Modular USB optical drives designed for being swapped
An optical drive that is not designed for being swapped, follow this procedure to remove it:
- Disconnect the laptop from AC power and remove the battery
- Locate the latch or mounting screw that holds the drive in place. It might be located inside the access panel for another component. Slide open the latch or remove the mounting screw
- Slide the drive out of the system
A Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slot in a computer is:
A slot for plugging in add-on peripherals
The Peripheral Component Interconnect provides:
Access to the motherboard for a device such as a WiFi modem, a video graphics processing unit (GPU), or added storage with an M.2 card
miniPCI Express (mPCIe) cards perform:
functions similar to those of the PCIe card, but they are designed for the compact space of a laptop
The mPCIe slots in a laptop are:
Used for plugging in wireless cards and also for M.2 memory modules
Other than wireless cards and M.2 memory modules other examples of modules that can plug into mPCIe slots are:
GPS units, cellular cards, and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) cards
A laptop with WiFi or Bluetooth support typically uses either an:
mPCIe expansion card or an M.2 card to provide wireless network support
An M.2 card form factor is also used for:
SSD and other I/O devices
An M.2 card form factor is also called:
NGFF, for next-generation form factor
Note that an M.2 card slot made for SSD cannot be used for:
WiFi or Bluetooth cards
To remove a wireless card, follow this basic procedure:
- Verify the location of the card. Some laptops have the card under the keyboard, whereas others have the card under a removable cover on the bottom of the computer
- Disconnect the laptop from AC power and remove the battery
a. If the card is located under the keyboard, remove the keyboard
b. If the card is located under an access panel, remove the screws holding the access panel in place - Disconnect any wires connected to the adapter. They might be screwed into place or snapped into place. Note their positions
- Unscrew any bolts holding the card in place. A miniPCIe card uses two mounting bolts, while an M.2 card uses a single mounting bolt
- Rotate the card upward at a slight angle and remove it from the slot
- If the card is attached to a bracket, remove the card from the bracket
To reinstall the card or replace it with a different card, reverse these steps
Because cellular access is sometimes needed because WiFi is not available, some business-class laptops come with:
Slots for cellular LTE wireless connectivity
To enable cellular on a laptop, it is best to start by consulting the manufacturer’s documentation for the location of the slot for the SIM card. Then follow these steps:
- Activate the SIM card
- Insert the SIM card into the laptop, making sure the gold contacts connect
- If the SIM card does not auto-configure, access the settings by selecting the Cellular option from the Network Connections area in the system tray
- Select the Cellular tab and choose Add an APN (access point name)
- Enable a PIN if you want to specify what users have access to the cellular connection
To install a GPU, follow these steps:
- Disconnect cables and remove the old graphics card. Remove the card drivers, if necessary:
- Align the new GPU to the slots in the PCIe card and insert carefully
- Connect cables and place them away from the fan
- Reconnect any other cables and close the case
- Boot the computer. When online, check for driver updates and install them
A computer display screen typically consists of:
either a Liquid crystal display (LCD) or Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display
Any communication peripherals are added separately
Laptop screens are specially designed to accommodate:
a web-cam
microphone
WiFi antennas
and often touchscreen
digitizers and inverters
An LCD screen uses:
A backlight to illuminate light-modulating liquid crystals
How does the LCD screen work?
An electric current passes through the crystals and arrange into patterns that become the image on the screen
Compare and OLED screen to LED:
They are brighter
Use less energy
Flexible
Foldable
More subject to cracking or breaking when dropped or mishandled
The DC jack (also referred to as the power adapter port) receives:
DC power from AC/DC power adapter and passes it to the battery
If the DC jack fails:
The laptop’s battery cannot be charged, and the laptop cannot run on external power either
To replace the DC jack on a typical laptop, follow this procedure:
- Remove power from the laptop and then remove any components that block access to the DC jack and cable
- Unplug the DC jack power cord from the system board
- Remove the DC jack power cord from the guides holding it in place on the system board
- Remove the screw or clip that holds the DC jack in place
- Lift out the DC jack
To replace the DC jack, reverse these steps
Most manufacturers have diagnostic software that reports on what?
the health of the battery and estimates how many cycles are left
Before performing any replacement of internal components, the system must be removed from all power sources. Follow this procedure;
- Turn off the computer
- Disconnect the AC adapter from the computer
- Open the battery compartment in the unit; it might be secured by a sliding lock or by screws
- If the battery is under a removable cover, remove the battery compartment cover
- Open the lock that holds the battery in place
- Slide out or lift out the battery. If the battery is a flat assembly, it might be held in place by a clip; if so, push the clip to one side to release the battery
- Examine the battery contacts inside the computer for dirt or corrosion and clean dirty contacts with a soft cloth
To replace a laptop’s battery, follow these steps:
- Line up the replacement battery with the contacts inside the battery compartment. Make sure you insert the battery so that the positive and negative terminals are in the right directions
- Slide in clip the battery into place
- Replace any cover over the battery compartment
- If the battery must be charged before use, plug in the AC adapter to both the computer and wall outlet. Check the computer’s manual for the proper charge time for a new battery
To remove the touchpad, follow these steps:
- Check service documents to determine whether the touchpad is a separate component or is built into the top cover
- Remove all power from the laptop
- Remove all power from the laptop
- Place the system so it is bottom side up
- Disconnect the cable from the pointing devices to the motherboard
6 Remove the clips or screws holding the touchpad in
- Remove the touchpad assembly
To replace the touchpad, reverse these steps
Most laptops use plastic bezels, case covers, and frames that can be:
cracked during normal use or during replacement or upgrades to internal components
To replace a service cover on the bottom of a laptop, such as the access cover to storage RAM, or the wireless adapter follow this procedure:
- Loosen the screws that hold the cover in place or use the unlocking latch
- Lift the cover by the edge(s) recommended in the service manual. It might need to be unsnapped from the base enclosure through careful use of a straight-blade screwdriver or pry tool. YouTube can be a big help at this point
- When the cover comes off, set it aside
- Place the new service cover in place of the old one. Snap it down or swing it into position
- Tighten the screws that hold the cover in place
The base enclosure is part is the part of the case that covers:
the entire bottom of the computer
To remove the base enclosure:
- Remove the service cover
- Remove any components that cover up screws that must be removed to enable the base enclosure to be removed
- Remove the rubber feet if they are used to conceal mounting screws
- Remove the screws holding the base enclosure in position
- Lift the base enclosure from the computer frame
Reverse these steps to install a replacement base enclosure
To remove the display bezel, follow this procedure:
- Remove the display assembly from the computer
- The display bezel might be held in place by screws or might be snapped into place
- Lift the display bezel away from the display assembly
Reverse these steps to install a replacement display bezel
Things you should check before replace speakers include:
volume settings
audio output settings
audio cable connections
audio driver updates
secure the seating on the sound card
If speakers are broken or worn out and need to be replaced, follow these procedures:
- Disconnect power to the laptop and remove any components that block access to the speakers
- If necessary, turn the laptop so it’s bottom side up
- Disconnect cables, as indicated in the manufacturer’s directions
- Remove the screws holding the speakers in place
- Lift out the speakers
To replace the speakers, reverse these steps
To remove a typical system board (motherboard), follow these basic instructions:
- Remove all mass storage devices
- Remove the base enclosure. Disconnect the fan from the motherboard if it is part of the base assembly
- Remove the display assembly
- Disconnect all cables from the system board
- Remove all screws holding the top cover in place. Remove the top cover and turn it upside down so the motherboard is visible
- Remove any additional screws holding the motherboard to the top cover
- Remove the system board from the bottom plate. This might require lifting one end of the board at an angle and sliding it out
Laptop motherboards are customized for:
a narrow range of CPUs
A UEFI/BIOS update might enable:
additional CPUs to be used successfully
Install any required UEFI/BIOS update before:
disassembling the laptop
You cannot replace the CPU without removing the:
heat sink module
Laptop heat sinks are typically:
one-piece or two-piece units that pull heat away from the chipset and the processor
To remove the heat sink, follow these steps:
- Remove the screws holding the heat sink in place
- If the heat sink incorporates a fan, disconnect the fan power lead from the motherboard
- Lift up on the heat sink to remove it. Set aside the heat sink
To remove the CPU, follow these steps:
- Loosen the processor locking screw. The CPU must be aligned in the same position when installed
- Remove the CPU from the socket. Retain it for possible reuse
Before installing a new CPU and heat sink be sure to:
remove the old thermal material from the fan and other motherboard components that use the heat sink
What can happen is the cooling fan in a laptop fails?
Many components may be damaged or destroyed
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is made with:
either a passive or active-matrix display grid
An Active-matrix screen uses:
a transistor for every dot onscreen
The details of the process for removing an LCD display assembly from a portable computer vary by model, but they involve these basic steps:
- After removing power from the system, if the system has an integrated wireless card, disconnect the antenna leads attached to the adapter
- Remove the keyboard frame and keyboard
- Disconnect the display cable from the system board; this cable transmits power and data to the display assembly
- If the system has integrated wireless, remove the antenna leads from the clips in the top cover
- Rotate the display assembly to a 90-degree angle to the base unit
- Remove the screws that secure the display assembly
- Pull the display assembly free from the base unit
- Be sure to save all screws, ground springs, and other hardware that you removed during the disassembly process
An organic LED (OLED) display uses:
a layer of organic compounds between two electrodes to emit light
OLED displays have been developed in two forms:
passive matrix (PMOLED)
active matrix (AMOLED
The advantages of OLED over LCD can be summarized as follows:
Brighter
Thinner and lighter
Energy efficient
Faster refresh rates
An LCD-CCFL laptop display is easy to read because of two components:
the inverter
the backlight
The inverter is:
a power converter that changes low-voltage DC power into the higher-voltage AC power needed to power a CFFL backlight
A touchscreen display differs from a standard laptop display in that is has a:
digitizer layer on top of the display panel
What does a digitizer do?
it detects and transmits touches to the laptop processor
Digitizers are used on:
displays
smartphones
tablets
fitness monitors
smart watches
phablets
e-readers
smart cameras
Features available with typical Fn key or other special function keys include:
Dual displays (secondary monitor or projector)
Wireless (on/off)
Cellular (on/off)
Volume settings
Screen brightness
Bluetooth (on/off)
Keyboard backlight (on/off)
Touch pad (on/off)
Screen orientation
Media options (fast forward/rewind)
GPS (on/off)
Airplane mode (on/off)
A docking station expands the capability of a portable computer by adding features such as:
One or more expansion slots
Additional I/O ports, such as Ethernet, display output ports (for HDMI or DisplayPort), Thunderbolt ports, USB ports, and others
Power connection for the laptop
Connectors for a standard keyboard and mouse
A port replicator is a:
device that allows a laptop or notebook to expand the number of ports so additional devices can be attached
For maximum protection, use some type of full-disk encryption, such as:
Windows BitLocker
macOS FileVault
PGP
Symantec Endpoint Encryption
Devices with removable keyboards typically feature what screen sizes?
under 12 inches
Tablets typically include the following features:
Use of iOS, Android, Windows 10 Mobile, or Chrome OS operating systems
Video camera enabled for video chat
Stylus device for writing
Keyboard and other devices attached using Bluetooth
Limited or nonexistent port and storage expansion options
Apps installed or updated through the operating system’s app store
The requirement for plenty of power to update the operating system
Some differences between tablets and smartphones include:
Wireless carriers provide operating system updates for Android phones, but Android provides operating system updates
Wireless carriers provide operating system updates for Apple phones, but Apple provides operating system updates
Phone carriers provide data-only services to tablets, and regular cellular voice calling is not available on all of them. Some tablets apps, however, provide real-time voice communication via the data connection
What is a phablet?
Phones with screen sizes of 5.5 in. or larger
Virtual reality refers to:
Computer simulations projected into a headset that covers the user’s entire field of vision, creating a virtual world experience
What does augmented reality do?
It generates images layers on top of real-world images captured by the device’s camera
One potential drawback to standalone GPS device usage is:
the need to keep maps updated
Wired tethering involves:
attaching the phone to a laptop or tablet with a phone cable with a USB connection
When tethering is done wirelessly, the phone becomes a:
hotspot
Some examples of wireless connections are:
Near field communication (NFC)
Bluetooth
Infrared (IR)
Hotspot
Near field communication (NFC) is used for:
data transfer
shopping
Bluetooth is:
a short-range, low-speed wireless network technology primarily designed to operate in peer-to-peer (or ad hoc) mode between devices
Infrared (IR) is designed for:
use with TV and home theater remote control apps
A hotspot is created when:
a smartphone enables sharing its Internet connection
Game pads are:
video game controllers with Bluetooth connections that can be used with smartphones or tablets for gameplay
Portable power banks differ in terms of the following characteristics:
mAh (milliampere-hour) rating
Amperage output
Number of USB charging ports
Two ways to protect a smartphone or tablet from damage are:
apply protective covers
waterproofing
The IP (ingress protection) rating scale was developed to:
measure dust and dirt protection of an electronic enclosure
The maximum level of protection on the IP rating scale is:
IP68
To use the mobile hotspot feature on an Android device, follow these steps:
- Enable the mobile hotspot feature in the device’s setup
- Select how you want to share the connection wirelessly. Provide the SSID and password listed to any devices that will share the connection
- If you decide to permit only allowed devices to connect, you must provide a name for each device and its MAC address
- Open the Allowed Devices menu, click Add, enter the device name and address, and click OK
- Make the connection from your device just as you would with any other wireless Internet router or hotspot
- When your devices are finished using the Internet, disable the hotspot setting in your smartphone or tablet
How to find MAC address on Windows:
- open a command prompt window
2. use the command ipconfig/all
How to find MAC address on Mac:
the address is located under the Apple menu in the upper-left corner (select WiFi and Advanced)
How to find MAC address on Linux:
run the command ifconfig-a
How to find MAC address on an iOS device:
open Settings> About
To use the mobile hotspot feature on an iPhone, follow these steps:
- Select Settings and then Personal Hotspot
- Slide the Personal Hotspot toggle to turn it on
- Choose the method of connection
To use USB tethering, follow these steps (based on a Samsung phone running Android 5.x):
- Connect a USB cable from your computer to the data port on your device
- Select the USB tethering option on your device
- If you are connecting a Windows computer, select the network type (Home) on the computer when prompted
- Use your computer’s web browser and other network features normally
- When you’re finished, disable USB tethering
What does Airplane mode do?
turns off any wireless antenna in the device, including cellular and GPS
Bluetooth devices connect to each other to form a:
personal area network (PAN)
Bluetooth 4.0 is also known as:
Bluetooth Smart
Bluetooth 4.0 is designed for:
use with very low-power applications such as sensors
Bluetooth 4.1 enables:
Bluetooth to perform multiple roles at the same time and to work better with LTE cellular devices
Bluetooth 4.2 adds:
features to support the Internet of Things (IoT)
The most common Bluetooth devices have a range of:
10m
When devices are connect by Bluetooth this is known as:
pairing or linking
Steps to Configure a Bluetooth Headset on an iOS Device is:
- Go to Settings and then tap Bluetooth to display the Bluetooth screen
- Tap Bluetooth to enable it. The device searches for devices
- Prepare the headset
- Tap the device name, and it automatically connects
- Enter a PIN code, if prompted to do so
Corporation and ISPs use two different types of email services:
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)
IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol v4)
What must you know in order to set up a POP3 email account?
the server that you want to connect to
the port you need to use
whether security is being employed
Use the following steps to connect a typical Android smartphone to a POP3 account:
- Go to the Home screen and tap the Menu button. Then select All Apps
- Scroll down until you see the email app
- Select whether you want a POP3, IMAP, or Exchange account or add an account if there is already an account
- Type the email address and the password of the account and then tap Next
- Configure the incoming settings, if prompted to do so
- Configure the outgoing settings
- Configure the account options, such as how often to check for mail whether to notify you when it arrives. Tap Next
- Finally, you can give the account an easier-to-remember name and then tap Done
Use the following steps to connect an iOS device to a POP3 account:
- Go to the Home screen and tap the Settings button
- Tap Mail, Contacts, Calendars
- Tap Add Account
- Tap Others at the bottom of the list
- Tap Add Mail Account
- Type the name, email address, and password (and, if you like, an optional description) and tap Next
- Tap POP. Then under Incoming Mail Server, type the POP3 server name and the username. Under Outgoing Mail Server, type the SMTP server. Then tap Save
- The system verifies the address and password
To connect to an IMAP account, you must enter:
the IMAP server (for receiving mail), which uses port 143 by default, and the outgoing SMTP server (for sending mail)
Secure email sessions require the use of:
SSL or TLS on port 443
If you want your email to be encrypted for security and authentication, you can enable:
Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, better known as S/MIME
To enable encryption support for an email account, turn on:
the Sign All Outgoing Emails option and create public key encryption keys for your email accounts
Primary rate interface (PRI) updates are used to:
control the speed at which data is sent from a mobile device to a cell tower
Two international standards are used to identify cell phones and other devices with cellular service:
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
IMEI is:
a unique number given each cell phone and it is used to identify phones on the GSM, UMTS, LTE, and iDEN networks
IMSI is used to:
identify a subscriber using a cell network
A virtual private network (VPN) is a:
secure private network connection that is carried over a less secure network, such as the Internet
A VPN connection requires:
a VPN server at the remote site
a VPN client at the client site
VPN traffic between client and server is:
encrypted and encapsulated into packets suitable for transmission over the network
To create a connection to a VPN with an Android device you must:
open Settings > More connection settings > VPN and then choose Basic VPN or Advanced IPsec VPN
To create a connection to a VPN with an iOS device you must:
open Settings > General > VPN > Add VPN Configuration
To create a connection to a VPN with a Windows 10 Mobile device you must:
open Settings > Network & Internet > VPN > Add a VPN connection
Synchronization is:
the matching up of files, email, and other types of data between one computer and another
The types of files that can be synchronized include:
contacts
applications
pictures
music
videos
calendar
bookmarks
documents
location data
social media data
e-books
passwords
Three main methods are used for synchronization, as briefly discussed in the preceding sections:
Synchronization to the cloud
Synchronization to the desktop
Synchronization to the automobile
With cloud-based synchronization:
apps on a mobile device send data to the cloud where it is downloaded by other mobile apps, by web browsers, or by programs running on Windows or macOS computers
Examples of providers that enable cloud-based synchronization include:
Dropbox
Samsung Smart Switch
Apple iCloud
Microsoft OneDrive
Google Drive
Mutual authentication is used to:
verify the identity of each side of the synchronization
With desktop-based synchronization, the user:
connects a mobile device via a USB cable
Having your device synced for hands-free use in most newer cars ‘that are equipped with onboard Bluetooth is a fairly straightforward process:
- Turn on the car stereo and your mobile phone
- Select the Bluetooth pairing button on the car stereo console so it will discover your phone
- Select Bluetooth from the settings menu on your phone and then select your car stereo from the list when it appears
- Enter the PIN displayed on the car stereo into your phone and select OK
The most common connection types for synchronizing software is:
USB and WiFi
Most desktop synchronization software for all current versions of Windows requires:
the PC to have 4GB of RAM or more, at least one USB 2.0 port, and 300 MB of free space on the hard drive
Most desktop synchronization software for macOS requires:
macOS 10.5 or greater and an available USB port, although some, such as Dropbox, may require macOS 10.9 or newer versions
