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Biology GCSE > Chapter 1: Life processes > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Life processes Flashcards

1
Q

excrete

A

get rid of toxic waste products

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2
Q

respond to stimuli

A

sensitive to changes in their surroundings

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3
Q

control

A

internal conditions

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

living materian that makes up a cell

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5
Q

structures of these

A

organelles

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6
Q

nucleus

A

controls activities of cells

contains chromosomes which carry genes

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7
Q

genes

A

control the activities in the cell by determining which protiens the cell can make

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8
Q

Enzymes

A

control chemical reactions that go on in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

cell surface membrane

A

not a complete barrier

selectively permiable

controls what substances go in + out

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10
Q

metabolic reactors

A

chemical reactors taking place in a cell

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11
Q

mitochondria

A

carry out some reactions of respiration

Most energy from respiration is released in mitochondria

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12
Q

cell wall

A

non living

made out of cellulos

keeps its shape

freely permiable

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13
Q

how do plant cells get support

A

plant cells absorb water, producing internal pressure which pulses against other cells of the plant

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14
Q

vacuole

A

permanent feature

filled with cell sap - dissolved sugars, mineral ions + other solutes

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15
Q

chloroplasts

A

absorb light energy to make food in photosynthesis

contain chlorophyll which makes them green

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16
Q

Enzymes (protiens)

A

biological catylists

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17
Q

Catalyst

A

speeds up a reaction without being used up itself

nucleus contains genes, which control production of enzymes which catalyse reactions in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

Why enzymes are needed

A

temperatures in organisms are low, without catalysts most reactions would be too slow for life to go on

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19
Q

substrate

A

the molecule an enzyme acts on

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20
Q

Each enzyme has a small area on its surface

A

active site

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21
Q

enzyme (steps)

A

substrate attaches to the active sight

reaction takes place, then products are formed

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22
Q

What happens to energy when substrate joins with active site

A

Lowers the energy needed for reaction to start, allowing products to be formed more easily

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23
Q

factors affecting enzymes

A

pH of surroundings

Concentration of enzyme or substrate

temperature

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24
Q

optimum temperature

A

enzymes working at their best

e.g 37 degrees C in a human

25
Q

why does higher temperature increase reaction?

A

goves molecules more energy so they collide more often

26
Q

What happens at high temperature with enzymes

A

denature-

enzymes are made out of protiens

protiens are broken down by heat

40*C cupwards destroys the enzyme

27
Q

What happens to enzymes in extremes of pH

A

affects structure of enzyme molecules and changes the shape of its active sight so substrate will not fit in that well

28
Q

Optimum pH

A

pH at enzymes work best with

29
Q

cell respiration

A

breaking down of food molecules to release the stored chemical energy

30
Q

where does respiration happen

A

in all cells of our body

31
Q

What is oxygen used to do in respiration?

A

oxidise foods

main food oxidised is glucose

32
Q

What does glucose contain

A

stored chemical energy that can be converted into other forms that the cells can use

33
Q

Chemical energy is used for

A

contraction of muscles

active transport of molecules + ions

building large molecules such as protiens

cell division

34
Q

Aerobic (later steps)

A

happen in the mitochondria

35
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

glucose is not completely broken down

less energy is released

36
Q

Advantages of anaerobic respiration

A

it can occure when oxygen is in short supply

e.g. yeast or muscle cells

37
Q

anaerobic equation for yeat

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

38
Q

anaerobic equation for muscle cells

A

glucose -> lactic acid

39
Q

lactic acid

A

substance glucose is broken down into

40
Q

Why does person rest after anaerobic repiration

A

to oxidise the lactic acid FULLY

41
Q

oxygen debt

A

volume of oxygen needed to COMPLETELY oxidise the lactic acid during anaerobic respiration

42
Q

diffusion

A

happens when a substance is more concentrated in one place than the other

cell membrane is permiable to e.g. CO2 so there is a NET movement

43
Q

diffusion of oxygen

A

opposite of CO2

Respiration uses O2 so net movement of O2 into cell by diffusion

44
Q

Why does diffusion happen

A

Kinetic energy of the particles

45
Q

Active transport

A

goes against the concentration gradient

the cell uses energy from respiration to take up the particles “pumping” it

46
Q

What are the “pumps” made of?

A

large protien molecules located in the cell membrane

47
Q

active transport in humans

A

small intestine->

some glucose is absorbed into the cells lining the intestine by active transport

48
Q

active transport in plants

A

roots

49
Q

osmosis

A

water moving accross cell membrane

Partially permiable

50
Q

when does osmosis happen?

A

when the total concetration of all substances inside and out is different

water will move across the membrane from the more dilute soloution to the more concentrated one (obeys law of diffusion)

51
Q

rate of diffusion increased by

A

steep concentration gradient

high temp

large surface area

52
Q

diffusion examples

A

alvioli
villi (of the mall intestine)
spingy mesophyll

53
Q

zygote

A

multicelular organism beginning life as an egg

54
Q

tissues

A

cells with familiar functions

55
Q

organ

A

collection of several tissues carrying out a particular function

56
Q

organ system

A

jobs carried out by several different organs working togethor

57
Q

main systems in human body

A

digestive

respiratory

circulatory

excretory

nervous

endocrine

reproductive

58
Q

eukaryotes

A

complex: animal + plant cells

59
Q

prokaryote

A

single celled organism - prokrayotic cell

Biology GCSE (14 decks)

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