Chapter 1 - Introduction to Radiographic Sciences Flashcards
What are the 5 foundational principles of the scientific method?
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- PARSIMONY
- REPRODUCIBILITY
- FALSIFIABILITY
- OBSERVATION
- MEASURABILITY
What is PARSIMONY?
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the attempt to simplify concepts and formulas; the philosophy that simple explanations are more likely to be true than elaborate, complex ones
What is REPRODUCIBILITY?
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the requirement that proofs can be duplicated by different people at different times/locations with precisely the same results
What is FALSIFIABILITY?
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the requirement that any theory or hypothesis can logically and logistically be proven FALSE
What is OBSERVATION?
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the requirement that experiments and their results can be directly observed with the human senses
What is MEASURABILITY?
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the requirement that results can be quantified mathematically and measured
Aspect of the scientific method in which when a theory is found to be wrong, that field of science is expected to transcend external beliefs/incentives to establish the new truth that will replace it
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SELF-CORRECTION
Was manmade radiation invented BEFORE or AFTER natural radiation was discovered?
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BEFORE
Who discovered X-Rays and when?
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Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Nov. 8, 1895
Who discovered natural radioactivity and when?
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Antoine Henri Becquerel
1896
Describe how Roentgen discovered xrays and what equipment was he using?
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During an experiment with a Crookes tube (cathode ray tube) that was shielded in cardboard, he noticed a sheet coated in barium platinocyanide outside of the path of the cathode rays was glowing.
What was the subject of the first radiograph?
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Roentgen’s wife’s hand & ring
What are the 3 distinct types of radiation discovered by Becquerel?
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- alpha
- beta
- gamma
Who developed the fluoroscope and when?
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Thomas Edison
1896
What is fluoroscopy?
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real-time viewing of dynamic radiographic images
What is CR and when was it commercialized?
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COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY - 1980s
cassettes are exposed and then read on a separate machine - needs to be read/erased before another use
In what way was CR considered a step backward from film?
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technique required almost doubled
What is DR and when was it first used?
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DIRECT DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY - 1996
miniature x-ray detectors in the imaging plate are able to directly capture a digital image - can be used for repeated exposures with no need to read/erase/develop
What is the ability to change brightness, contrast, collimation and other aspects of the image after the fact?
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POST-PROCESSING
What does it mean to IONIZE an atom?
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radiation strikes an atom with sufficient energy to eject an electron from that atom
What accounts for approximately two-thirds of all natural radiation exposure to the human population?
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RADON GAS
Review Questions
Digital radiographic imaging had to wait for what two technological developments to occur?
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COMPUTER POWER & MINIATURIZATION TECHNOLOGY
Review Questions
What are the three broad categories of radiation:
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- PARTICLES
- MECHANICAL WAVES IN A MEDIUM
- ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Review Questions
All of the physical, chemical and biological changes that can be caused by x-rays are due to their ability to ____ atoms of any material.
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IONIZE
Review Questions
A radiographer’s average annual occupational exposure to radiation is about equal to ____ radiation accumulated each year.
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NATURALLY-OCCURRING
The three types of measurement quantities are ____, ____, and ___.
GOT WRONG
Quiz Questions
FUNDAMENTAL, DERIVED, AND RADIOLOGIC
Who was William Crookes, what did he invent, and when?
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A chemist who invented the Crookes tube in the 1870s
Who is the first known death attributed to radiation exposure?
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Clarence Daly - Thomas Edison’s assistant
What are 6 derived quantities of measure?
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- velocity
- acceleration
- force
- momentum
- work
- power
What are 4 radiologic quantities of measure?
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- dose
- dose equivalent
- exposure
- radioactivity
What is length?
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the measurement of something from end to end (m/ft)
What is time?
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an atomic measure based on the speed of vibration of cesium atoms
What is velocity?
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measurement of speed equal to distance traveled per unit of time (m/s / ft/s)
V=D/T
What is acceleration?
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measurement of a change in velocity (m/s^2)
A=(Vf-Vo)/T
What is force?
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measure of the action that changes the motion of an object (N)
F=ma
What is momentum?
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measure of mass in motion (kg-m/s)
P=mv
What is work?
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measure of force applied to an object times the distance in which it was applied (J)
Work = Fd
What is power?
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measure of work divided by the time it took to do the work (W)
P = Work/T
What is inertia?
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the property or an object with mass to resist changes in its state of motion (PROPERTY OF MATTER - not a measurable quantity)
What is energy?
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measure of the ability to do work (J)
E = mc^2
What is intensity in air?
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measure of the number of electrons liberated by ionization per unit of mass
Coulomb/kg (C/kg) or Roentgen (R)
What is absorbed dose?
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measure of the amount of radiation that is being absorbed by tissue
Grays (Gy) or rads
What is equivalent dose?
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measure of how much biologic damage can be expected in an organ based on absorbed dose and type of radiation used
Sieverts (Sv) or rem
What is effective dose?
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measure of the whole body dose - considers equivalent dose and accounts for dose to specific organs/organ systems
**BEST ESTIMATE OF OVERALL HARM
What is activity?
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measure of a quantity of radioactive material
Becquerels (Bq) or Curies (Ci)
What are the 2 main types of x-ray equipment?
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MOBILE and FIXED units
What are the 3 best ways to reduce personal exposure?
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- distance
- shielding
- time
What is the best way to reduce patient exposure?
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beam restriction (collimation)
What is the result of insufficient kVp?
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insufficient beam strength causes most of the radiation to be absorbed by the patient and an underexposed image
What is the result of using too much mAs?
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may get an ok image due to post-processing, but knowingly overexposes patient and violates ethics
In what stage of pregnancy is a fetus most radiosensitive?
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first trimester
