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RTE 1041 - Radiographic Equipment & Imaging I > Chapter 1 - Introduction to Radiographic Sciences > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Radiographic Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 foundational principles of the scientific method?

Book

A
  • PARSIMONY
  • REPRODUCIBILITY
  • FALSIFIABILITY
  • OBSERVATION
  • MEASURABILITY
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2
Q

What is PARSIMONY?

Book

A

the attempt to simplify concepts and formulas; the philosophy that simple explanations are more likely to be true than elaborate, complex ones

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3
Q

What is REPRODUCIBILITY?

Book

A

the requirement that proofs can be duplicated by different people at different times/locations with precisely the same results

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4
Q

What is FALSIFIABILITY?

Book

A

the requirement that any theory or hypothesis can logically and logistically be proven FALSE

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5
Q

What is OBSERVATION?

Book

A

the requirement that experiments and their results can be directly observed with the human senses

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6
Q

What is MEASURABILITY?

Book

A

the requirement that results can be quantified mathematically and measured

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7
Q

Aspect of the scientific method in which when a theory is found to be wrong, that field of science is expected to transcend external beliefs/incentives to establish the new truth that will replace it

Book

A

SELF-CORRECTION

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8
Q

Was manmade radiation invented BEFORE or AFTER natural radiation was discovered?

Book

A

BEFORE

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9
Q

Who discovered X-Rays and when?

Book

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Nov. 8, 1895

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10
Q

Who discovered natural radioactivity and when?

Book

A

Antoine Henri Becquerel
1896

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11
Q

Describe how Roentgen discovered xrays and what equipment was he using?

Book

A

During an experiment with a Crookes tube (cathode ray tube) that was shielded in cardboard, he noticed a sheet coated in barium platinocyanide outside of the path of the cathode rays was glowing.

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12
Q

What was the subject of the first radiograph?

Book

A

Roentgen’s wife’s hand & ring

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13
Q

What are the 3 distinct types of radiation discovered by Becquerel?

Book

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
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14
Q

Who developed the fluoroscope and when?

Book

A

Thomas Edison
1896

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15
Q

What is fluoroscopy?

Book

A

real-time viewing of dynamic radiographic images

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16
Q

What is CR and when was it commercialized?

Book

A

COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY - 1980s
cassettes are exposed and then read on a separate machine - needs to be read/erased before another use

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17
Q

In what way was CR considered a step backward from film?

Book

A

technique required almost doubled

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18
Q

What is DR and when was it first used?

Book

A

DIRECT DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY - 1996
miniature x-ray detectors in the imaging plate are able to directly capture a digital image - can be used for repeated exposures with no need to read/erase/develop

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19
Q

What is the ability to change brightness, contrast, collimation and other aspects of the image after the fact?

Book

A

POST-PROCESSING

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20
Q

What does it mean to IONIZE an atom?

Book

A

radiation strikes an atom with sufficient energy to eject an electron from that atom

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21
Q

What accounts for approximately two-thirds of all natural radiation exposure to the human population?

Book

A

RADON GAS

22
Q

Review Questions

Digital radiographic imaging had to wait for what two technological developments to occur?

Book

A

COMPUTER POWER & MINIATURIZATION TECHNOLOGY

23
Q

Review Questions

What are the three broad categories of radiation:

Book

A
  • PARTICLES
  • MECHANICAL WAVES IN A MEDIUM
  • ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
24
Q

Review Questions

All of the physical, chemical and biological changes that can be caused by x-rays are due to their ability to ____ atoms of any material.

Book

A

IONIZE

25
Q

Review Questions

A radiographer’s average annual occupational exposure to radiation is about equal to ____ radiation accumulated each year.

Book

A

NATURALLY-OCCURRING

26
Q

The three types of measurement quantities are ____, ____, and ___.

GOT WRONG

Quiz Questions

A

FUNDAMENTAL, DERIVED, AND RADIOLOGIC

27
Q

Who was William Crookes, what did he invent, and when?

PowerPoint

A

A chemist who invented the Crookes tube in the 1870s

28
Q

Who is the first known death attributed to radiation exposure?

PowerPoint

A

Clarence Daly - Thomas Edison’s assistant

29
Q

What are 6 derived quantities of measure?

PowerPoint

A
  • velocity
  • acceleration
  • force
  • momentum
  • work
  • power
30
Q

What are 4 radiologic quantities of measure?

PowerPoint

A
  • dose
  • dose equivalent
  • exposure
  • radioactivity
31
Q

What is length?

PowerPoint

A

the measurement of something from end to end (m/ft)

32
Q

What is time?

PowerPoint

A

an atomic measure based on the speed of vibration of cesium atoms

33
Q

What is velocity?

PowerPoint

A

measurement of speed equal to distance traveled per unit of time (m/s / ft/s)
V=D/T

34
Q

What is acceleration?

PowerPoint

A

measurement of a change in velocity (m/s^2)
A=(Vf-Vo)/T

35
Q

What is force?

PowerPoint

A

measure of the action that changes the motion of an object (N)
F=ma

36
Q

What is momentum?

PowerPoint

A

measure of mass in motion (kg-m/s)
P=mv

37
Q

What is work?

PowerPoint

A

measure of force applied to an object times the distance in which it was applied (J)
Work = Fd

38
Q

What is power?

PowerPoint

A

measure of work divided by the time it took to do the work (W)
P = Work/T

39
Q

What is inertia?

PowerPoint

A

the property or an object with mass to resist changes in its state of motion (PROPERTY OF MATTER - not a measurable quantity)

40
Q

What is energy?

PowerPoint

A

measure of the ability to do work (J)
E = mc^2

41
Q

What is intensity in air?

PowerPoint

A

measure of the number of electrons liberated by ionization per unit of mass
Coulomb/kg (C/kg) or Roentgen (R)

42
Q

What is absorbed dose?

PowerPoint

A

measure of the amount of radiation that is being absorbed by tissue
Grays (Gy) or rads

43
Q

What is equivalent dose?

PowerPoint

A

measure of how much biologic damage can be expected in an organ based on absorbed dose and type of radiation used
Sieverts (Sv) or rem

44
Q

What is effective dose?

PowerPoint

A

measure of the whole body dose - considers equivalent dose and accounts for dose to specific organs/organ systems

**BEST ESTIMATE OF OVERALL HARM

45
Q

What is activity?

PowerPoint

A

measure of a quantity of radioactive material
Becquerels (Bq) or Curies (Ci)

46
Q

What are the 2 main types of x-ray equipment?

PowerPoint

A

MOBILE and FIXED units

47
Q

What are the 3 best ways to reduce personal exposure?

PowerPoint

A
  • distance
  • shielding
  • time
48
Q

What is the best way to reduce patient exposure?

PowerPoint

A

beam restriction (collimation)

49
Q

What is the result of insufficient kVp?

PowerPoint

A

insufficient beam strength causes most of the radiation to be absorbed by the patient and an underexposed image

50
Q

What is the result of using too much mAs?

PowerPoint

A

may get an ok image due to post-processing, but knowingly overexposes patient and violates ethics

51
Q

In what stage of pregnancy is a fetus most radiosensitive?

PowerPoint

A

first trimester

RTE 1041 - Radiographic Equipment & Imaging I (8 decks)

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