Chapter 1 - Introduction to Chemistry Flashcards
Matter is defined as anything that:
a) exists in nature c)is found in the universe
b) is solid to the touch d)has mass and takes up space
D - has mass and takes up space
Mass is preferred as a measurement over weight for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
a) it has the same value everywhere on Earth
b) it is independent of gravitational forces
c) it becomes less in outer space, farther from Earth
d) it is a constant measure of the amount of matter
C - it becomes less in outer space, farther form Earth
Mass is mass everywhere, gravitational forces do not effect mass
Which of following is an example of pure research?
a) creating synthetic elements to study their properties
b) producing heat-resistant plastics for use in household ovens
c) finding ways to slow down the rusting of iron ships
d) searching for fuels other than gasoline to power cars
A - creating synthetic elements to study their properties
When working with chemicals in the laboratory, which of the following is something you should NOT do?
a) read the label of chemical bottles before using their contents
b) Pour any unused chemicals back into their original bottles
c) Use lots of water to wash skin that has been splashed with chemicals
d) take only as much as you need of shared chemicals
B - pour any unused chemicals back into their original bottles
Which of the following is true about CFCs?
a) They are made by humans
b) They are naturally occurring
c) They are toxic
d) They are unstable
A - they are made by humans
Which of the following appliances increase CFCs in the environment?
a) refrigerators
b) microwave ovens
c) washing machines
d) televisions
A - refrigerators
A person is traveling by airplane 10 km above the ground level. What is the impact on the person’s mass and weight compared to that at ground level?
a) Mass increases, weight decreases
b) Mass decreases, weight decreases
c) Mass remains the same, weight decreases
d) Mass and weight remain the same
C - Mass remains the same, weight decreases
Which of the following is qualitative data?
a) color
b) pressure
c) temperature
d) volume
A - color
Which of the following is quantitative data?
a) color
b) odor
c) shape
d) volume
D - volume
Anything that has mass and takes up space is called -
a) weight
b) matter
c) pressure
d) volume
B - matter
A judgment based upon the results of an experiment is called -
a) conclusion
b) variable
c) theory
d) hypothesis
A - conclusion
What is the name given to research that is undertaken to solve a specific problem?
a) theoretical research
b) technology
c) pure research
d) applied research
D - applied research
The practical use of science information is
a) engineering
b) pure research
c) applied research
d) technology
D - technology
Chemists whose specialty is determining the composition of unidentified substances work in the field of ______chemistry.
a) physical
b) inorganic
c) organic
d) analytical
D - analytical
What do you do to test a hypothesis -
a) guess
b) create a spreadsheet with data
c) publish a scientific paper
d) design an experiment
D - design an experiment
A \_\_\_\_ can be used to help visualize submicroscopic structures and events a) hypothesis b) theory c) model D) variable
C - model
Name the independent & dependent variable
An automobile manufacturer conducts tests to determine how bright brake lights should be in order to minimize the time required for the driver of a following car to realize that the car in front is stopping and to hit his brakes.
Independent variable - the brightness of the lights
Dependent variable - how soon they realize the car is stopping
A CFC is a chemical made up of ____
a) carbon, fluorine and calcium
b) many chlorine atoms and some fluorine
c) carbon, fluorine and chlorine
d) many carbon atoms and some fluorine
C - carbon fluorine and chlorine
The variable that you plan to change in an experiment is called -
a) the constant
b) the control
c) the dependent variable
d) the independent variable
D - independent variable
A chemist who studies how digestion occurs in humans works in the field of ___ chemistry.
a) physical
b) inorganic
c) biochemistry
d) analytical
C - biochemistry
State whether qualitative or quantitative
weight of an elephant
quantitative
The first step of the scientific method involves -
a) forming a hypothesis
b) making observations
c) performing an experiment
d) drawing a conclusion
B - making observations
Which of the following is most correct?
a) You can accept or reject a hypothesis, but you can never prove it to be true
b) You can prove a hypothesis to be true
c) You can prove a hypothesis to be false
d) Accepting or rejecting a hypothesis is the same as proving whether or not the hypothesis is true
A - you can accept or reject a hypothesis, but you can never prove it to be true
Which of these is NOT a step in the scientific method -
a) hypothesis
b) experiment
c) conclusion
d) publish a science textbook
D - publish a science textbook
Which of these words would you NOT associate with the scientific method -
a) disorganized
b) organized
c) data
d) control
A - disorganized
Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
a) It is only necessary to conduct an experiment one time to be assured of your results
b) You need to conduct many experiments to test a hypothesis
c) The independent variable changes because of how you change the dependent variable
d) It is a good idea to test many variables in the same experiment to speed up your work
B - your need to conduct many experiments to test a hypothesis
When working with chemicals in the laboratory, which of the following is something you should NOT do
a) Use lots of water to wash skin that has been splashed with chemicals
b) take only as much as you need of shared chemicals
c) read the label of chemical bottles before using their contents
d) pour any unused chemicals back into their original container
D - pour any unused chemicals back into their original container
Suppose you were a scientist for the XYZ Chemical Company. The one thing you would want to do before leaving the laboratory to go home every day would be to
a) wash your hands with soap and water
b) wash your eyes in the eye-wash station
c) take a shower in the chemical hazard shower
d) celebrate by having coffee and donuts at your work station
A - wash your hands with soap and water
Which branch of chemistry is most concerned with the study of carbon compounds?
a) analytical
b) inorganic
c) organic
d) physical
C - organic
A tentative explanation for a series of observations is called a(n) -
a) hypothesis
b) model
c) law
d) theory
A - hypothesis
The study of the Earth’s atmospheric ozone and the effect of chlorofluorocarbons on ozone is an example of
a) technology
b) applied research
c) pure research
d) chance discovery
C - pure research
Which of the following materials was discovered by chance during research on artificial fiber creation -
a) ozone
b) lysozyme
c) silk
d) nylon
D - Nylon
T or F
Never place chemicals directly in the pan of a laboratory balance.
True
T or F
CFC’s do not pose a threat to the environment because they are very stable.
False -
They are stable and non toxic, but they do pose a threat (ozone depletion)
T or F
The mass of an astronaut remains the same on the Earth and the Moon.
True
T or F
When applying the scientific method, a scientist would formulate a law based on his hypothesis.
False -
T or F
Earth attracts all objects to its surface due to gravity. This is a scientific theory.
False - a scientific law
T or F
Many of the conveniences we enjoy today are technological applications of chemistry.
True
T or F
It is not necessary to wear safety goggles in the lab, if you are wearing contact lenses.
False
T or F
If you break a glass test tube in the lab, quickly sweep it up and throw it in the trash can.
False
T or F
It is okay to wash chemicals down the sink when you are finished with your lab experiment.
False
T or F
Never work alone in the science laboratory.
True
Name the independent and dependent variable
Dr. Anna Lytical works in a lab which experiments with rats who have been trained to run through mazes. Dr. Lytical thinks that a certain part of the rat’s brain is important in remembering how to run the maze. To test this, she removes this portion of the brain and then allows the rat to run through the maze.
Independent Variable - the part of the brain removed
Dependent Variable - how the rat runs through the maze
Name the independent and;dependent variable
A study indicates that antioxidants found in blueberries may slow down the process of aging. In this study, 19-month old rats (equivalent to 60-year humans) were fed either their standard diet or a diet supplemented by either blueberry, strawberry, or spinach powder. After eight weeks, the rats were given memory and motor tests. Although all supplemented rats showed improvement, those supplemented with blueberry powder showed the move improvement.
Independent Variable - standard diet or diet of blueberry, strawberry, or spinach powder
Dependent Variable - The memory or motor test results
Name the independent and dependent variable
An automobile manufacturer conducts tests to determine how bright brake lights should be in order to minimize the time required for the driver of a following car to realize that the car in front is stopping and to hit his brakes.
Independent variable - the brightness of the lights
Dependent variable - how soon they realize the car is stopping
State whether qualitative or quantitative
Taste of an apple
qualitative
State whether qualitative or quantitative
mass of brick
quantitative
State whether qualitative or quantitative
speed of a car
quantitative
State whether qualitative or quantitative
length of a rod
quantitative
State whether qualitative or quantitative
texture of a leaf
qualitative
State whether qualitative or quantitative
weight of an elephant
quantitative
How does the ozone layer protect Earth?
The ozone layer protects plants and animals from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Why did scientists think that the thinning of the ozone layer might be related to CFCs?
About the same time that the decrease in the ozone layer was documented, scientists noticed that a large amount of CFCs had accumulated in the atmosphere
Contrast mass and weight
Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter in an object. Weight is a measurement of an object’s mass plus the effect of Earth’s gravitational pull on the object.
During a chemistry lab, a student noted the following data about an unknown chemical she was studying: colorless, dissolves in water at room temperature, melts at 95C, boils at 800C. Classify each piece of data as either qualitative data or quantitative data.
Qualitative: colorless, dissolves in water at room temperature
Quantitative: melts at 95C, boils at 800C
Identify the dependent variable and the independent variable:
A student tests the ability of a given chemical to dissolve in water at three different temperatures
Independent Variable: temperature
Dependent: ability to dissolve in water
Identify the dependent variable and the independent variable:
A farmer compares how his crops grow with and without phosphorous fertilizers
Independent: presence of phosphorous fertilizer
Dependent: crop growth
Identify the dependent variable and the independent variable:
An environmentalist tests the acidity of water samples at five different distances from the a factory.
Independent: Distance from the factory
Dependent: acidity
Explain why hypotheses and theories are always tentative explanations.
Both hypotheses and theories are subject to revision based on new data
List two possible hypotheses about the relationship between ozone and CFCs
Molina and Rowland hypothesized that CFCs break down in the atmosphere due to the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation and that a chlorine particle produced by the breakdown of CFCs could break down ozone
Classify each kind of research as either pure or applied:
a) A scientist studies plants in a rain forest in search of chemicals that might be used to treat AIDS
b) A researcher studies the effects of hormones on the brain of a worm
c) A researcher tried to develop cleaner burning fuels to help reduce air pollution
a) applied
b) pure
c) applied
How should you dispose of the following items in the lab: broken glass, products of chemicals reactions, unused chemicals?
According to your teacher’s direction
the study of matter and the changes that it undergoes
chemistry
the measure of the amount of matter
mass
T/F
The mass of an object can vary with the object’s location
False - mass is always the same, weight varies due to gravitational force
T/F
A mass measurement includes the effect of Earth’s gravitational pull on the object being measured
False - gravitational forces effect weight not mass
T/F
Scientists measure the amount of matter in terms of mass
True
T/F
Subtle differences in weight exist at different locations on Earth
True
T/F
Your mass on the Moon would be smaller than your mass on Earth.
False - mass is mass everywhere, weight would be different due to gravitational forces
The study of matter and the processes of living things
biochemistry
The study of carbon-containing chemicals
organic chemistry
The study of the components and composition of substances
analytical chemistry
The study of matter that does not contain organic chemicals
inorganic chemistry
The study of the behavior and changes of matter and the related energy changes
physical chemistry
A constant is a factor that -
a) changes during an experiment
b) changes from one lab group to another
c) is affected by the dependent variable
d) is not allowed to change during an experiment
D - is not allowed to change during an experiment
A control is a -
a) variable that changes during an experiment
b) standard for comparison
c) type of dependent variable
d) type of experiment
B - standard for comparison
A hypothesis is a(n)
a) set of controlled observations
b) explanation supported by many experiments
c) tentative explanation of observation
d) law describing a relationship in nature
C - tentative explanation of observation
A theory is a(n)
a) set of controlled observations
b) explanation supported by many experiments
c) tentative explanation of observation
d) law describing a relationship in nature
B - explanation supported by many experiments
A model is a(n) -
a) visual, verbal and/or mathematical explanation of how things occur
b) explanation that is supported by many experiments
c) description of a relationship in nature
d) tentative explanation about what has been observed
A - visual, verbal and/or mathematical explanation of how things occur
A for applied research and P for pure research
- In undertaken to solve a specific problem
- Seeks to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself
- Is used to find CFC replacements
- Applied
- Pure
- Applied
When should you read the label on a chemical container?
before picking it up, while holding the container and when returning the container to its place
What do scientists usually do when a scientific problem first arises?
Scientists usually look to see what pure research has been done in the area related to the problem
What kinds of clothing should not be worn in the lab?
contact lenses, loose clothing open-toed shoes, and dangling jewelry
The practical use of scientific information obtained from both pure and applied research is
Technology
