Chapter 1 - INTRO

Question 1

Which six elements account for the major weight of most organisms?

Answer 1

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Question 2

Give the structure building blocks of proteins, DNAs and RNAs.

Answer 2

Proteins are made up of amino acids: contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom attached to a central carbon atom
DNA is composed of nucleotides: a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
RNA is also made up of nucleotides, but it contains sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose.

Question 3

What are polysaccharides? Use what linkage?

Answer 3

Monosaccharides connected by a glycosidic bond; acetal linkage

Question 4

Nucleotides are…

Answer 4

functional monomers used to prepare nucleic acid polymers.

Question 5

Each nucleotide contains 3 things:

Answer 5

5 carbon sugar, heterocyclic containing nitrogen base, and at least one phosphate group.

Question 6

Lipids are either _____ or contain significant nonpolar regions. This monomer is less ________. The simplest form are __________. The ____________ area major component of biological membranes.

Answer 6

nonpolar; systematic; fatty acids (FAs); Glycerophospholipids

Question 7

What are the 2 common types of nucleic acids? How are nucleotides connected?

Answer 7

DNA and RNA; via 3’,5’-phosphodiester bonds

Question 8

What does metabolism describe?

Answer 8

The synthesis/degradation of biomolecules coupled with the energy transferred, stored, & used (bioenergetics).

Question 9

Energy transfer is both related to both ______ (rates) and _______ (spontaneity)

Answer 9

kinetics; thermodynamics

Question 10

If delta G<0, the reaction is ________. If delta G=0, the reaction is _______. If delta G>0, the reaction is ______.

Answer 10

spontaneous; at equilibrium; nonspontaneous

Question 11

What does delta G++ represent?

Answer 11

The activation barrier (Ea)

Question 12

Cell are all classified as either _______ or _________. The membrane is __________. The cytoplasm describes everything enclosed by the plasma membrane including: _______ and _________.

Answer 12

prokaryotes; eukaryotes; semi-impermeable; organelles; cytosol

Question 13

Prokaryotes are usually ________ organisms. List 4 things and give an ex.

Answer 13

single-celled; don’t have a nucleus regions but instead a nucleoid region, usually no internal membrane compartments, often have pili/flagella, high SA to volume ratio (easier to transport/traffic via simple diffusion); Escherichia coli

Question 14

List 4 things about eukaryotic cells.

Answer 14

Have a single plasma membrane and a nucleus, much smaller SA to volume ratio (need mechanisms for active transport), most contain organelles, multicellular eukaryotes have differentiated cells/tissues

Question 15

What is the nucelus?

Answer 15

A large membrane-enclosed region present in most eukaryotic cells that serves as its control center.

Question 16

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 16

Is a double lipid bilayer, provides extra protection/security.

Question 17

Each linear nucleic acid sequence is called a _________. Most eukaryotes are ____ and contain two copies of each chromosome. Sex cells are ____ and contain one copy of each chromosome.

Answer 17

chromosome; diploid; haploid

Question 18

What serves as the location for DNA replication, RNA transcription and is highly regulated?

Answer 18

The nucleus.

Question 19

Describe the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Answer 19

A network of membrane-enclosed folds which radiate outward from the nucleus.

Question 20

Where are ribosomes located in the ER? And what is their role?

Answer 20

The exterior surface; synthesize proteins from mRNA (translation).

Question 21

What is the lumen and their role?

Answer 21

The interior of the ER; collects/organizes proteins for cellular export via vesicles.

Question 22

What happens to the vesicles when the are exported from the ER?

Answer 22

They arrive at the Golgi apparatus, modified, reorganized, & packaged for transport (out of cell or other locations)

Question 23

What 2 things are involved in energy transduction?

Answer 23

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 24

Name similarities b/w the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Answer 24

Contain a double-membrane (inner, outer), inner membranes are highly-folded…increasing SA, inner membranes and their interior regions are critical for organelle function, both derived from ancient bacteria

Question 25

Define a vesicle.

Answer 25

A specialized, single membrane-enclosed region within a cell.

Question 26

What protects the cytosol?

Answer 26

Compartmentalization.

Question 27

Where are lysosomes found and their function and how.

Answer 27

Found in eukaryotic cells and used for cellular digestion; interior is highly acidic and contains many enzymes to break down macromolecules.

Question 28

What are Peroxisomes found and used for?

Answer 28

Found in animal (and some plant) cells and used to conduct oxidation reactions with H2O2.

Question 29

Where are Vacuoles found and their function?

Answer 29

Found in mature plant cells (and some protists) and used for storage.

Question 30

Is the cytoskeleton an organelle?

Answer 30

No

Question 31

CYTOSKELETON: What are the 3 types of protein filaments?

Answer 31

Actin filaments (microfilaments), Microtubules, Intermediate filaments.

Question 32

State something about actin filaments.

Answer 32

Most abundant protein in a cell.

Question 33

State 2 things about microtubules.

Answer 33

Thicker, stronger fibers of tubulin, packed in bundles. Serve as an internal skeleton and for directed movement (e.g. cilia).

Question 34

State 1 thing about Intermediate filaments.

Answer 34

Extend outward from nuclear envelope to help cell resist external stress.