Chapter 1 - INTRO

Question 1

What is the difference between in vitro and in vivo assays?

Answer 1

In vitro assays are conducted outside of a living organism, usually in a laboratory setting, while in vivo assays are performed within a living organism.

Question 2

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

Answer 2

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones (release energy), while anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones (need energy input).

Question 3

State the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 3

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, and their genetic material is free-floating in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that houses their genetic material, separated from the rest of the cell by a nuclear envelope.

Question 4

Write the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.

Answer 4

pH = pka + log ([base]/[acid])

Question 5

What is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 5

A simplified model of how genetic info flows in organisms. States that DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein.

Question 6

Explain the structure of shape of micelles.

Answer 6

The hydrophobic tails tucked in the micelle’s center, forming a hydrophilic core/head that interacts with water.

Question 7

Which six elements account for the major weight of most organisms?

Answer 7

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Question 8

Give the structure building blocks of proteins, DNAs and RNAs.

Answer 8

Proteins are made up of amino acids: contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom attached to a central carbon atom
DNA is composed of nucleotides: a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
RNA is also made up of nucleotides, but it contains sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose.

Question 9

DNA and RNA are both _________. DNA/RNA goes through ________ to get RNA/DNA and RNA is ________ to protein.

Answer 9

nucleic acids; transcription; translated

Question 10

What is the acyl group?

Answer 10

R-C=O

Question 11

What is the carbonyl group?

Answer 11

C=O

Question 12

Difference between phosphate and phosphoryl group is…

Answer 12

Phosphate has a P attached to 4 Os (one double bonded and 2 O-s and 1 O), while phosphoryl has P attached to 3 Os (1 double bonded and 2 O-s)

Question 13

Another name for thiol is…

Answer 13

sulfhydryl

Question 14

In a polymeric chain, each monomer is often called a…

Answer 14

residue.

Question 15

How many common amino acids (AAs) are there? How are they linked?

Answer 15

20; amide/peptide bonds

Question 16

__________ are the basic structural unit of carbohydrates. They contain several __ groups and a _____ group. Intramolecular cyclization of an alcohol with the carbonyl forms a _______.

Answer 16

Monosaccharides; OH; carbonyl; hemiacetal

Question 17

What are polysaccharides? Use what linkage?

Answer 17

Monosaccharides connected by a glycosidic bond; acetal linkage

Question 18

The formation of a glycosidic bond is a _________ reaction between an ________ on one ________ and the ______ on another

Answer 18

dehydration; alcohol; monosaccharide; hemiacetal

Question 19

Nucleotides are…

Answer 19

functional monomers used to prepare nucleic acid polymers.

Question 20

Each nucleotide contains 3 things:

Answer 20

5 carbon sugar, heterocyclic containing nitrogen base, and at least one phosphate group.

Question 21

Lipids are either _____ or contain significant nonpolar regions. This monomer is less ________. The simplest form are __________. The ____________ area major component of biological membranes.

Answer 21

nonpolar; systematic; fatty acids (FAs); Glycerophospholipids

Question 22

What are the 2 common types of nucleic acids? How are nucleotides connected?

Answer 22

DNA and RNA; via 3’,5’-phosphodiester bonds

Question 23

What does metabolism describe?

Answer 23

The synthesis/degradation of biomolecules coupled with the energy transferred, stored, & used (bioenergetics).

Question 24

Energy transfer is both related to both ______ (rates) and _______ (spontaneity)

Answer 24

kinetics; thermodynamics

Question 25

If delta G<0, the reaction is ________. If delta G=0, the reaction is _______. If delta G>0, the reaction is ______.

Answer 25

spontaneous; at equilibrium; nonspontaneous

Question 26

What does delta G++ represent?

Answer 26

The activation barrier (Ea)

Question 27

Cell are all classified as either _______ or _________. The membrane is __________. The cytoplasm describes everything enclosed by the plasma membrane including: _______ and _________.

Answer 27

prokaryotes; eukaryotes; semi-impermeable; organelles; cytosol

Question 28

Prokaryotes are usually ________ organisms. List 4 things and give an ex.

Answer 28

single-celled; don’t have a nucleus regions but instead a nucleoid region, usually no internal membrane compartments, often have pili/flagella, high SA to volume ratio (easier to transport/traffic via simple diffusion); Escherichia coli

Question 29

List 4 things about eukaryotic cells.

Answer 29

Have a single plasma membrane and a nucleus, much smaller SA to volume ratio (need mechanisms for active transport), most contain organelles, multicellular eukaryotes have differentiated cells/tissues

Question 30

What is the nucelus?

Answer 30

A large membrane-enclosed region present in most eukaryotic cells that serves as its control center.

Question 31

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 31

Is a double lipid bilayer, provides extra protection/security.

Question 32

Each linear nucleic acid sequence is called a _________. Most eukaryotes are ____ and contain two copies of each chromosome. Sex cells are ____ and contain one copy of each chromosome.

Answer 32

chromosome; diploid; haploid

Question 33

What serves as the location for DNA replication, RNA transcription and is highly regulated?

Answer 33

The nucleus.

Question 34

Describe the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Answer 34

A network of membrane-enclosed folds which radiate outward from the nucleus.

Question 35

Where are ribosomes located in the ER? And what is their role?

Answer 35

The exterior surface; synthesize proteins from mRNA (translation).

Question 36

What is the lumen and their role?

Answer 36

The interior of the ER; collects/organizes proteins for cellular export via vesicles.

Question 37

What happens to the vesicles when the are exported from the ER?

Answer 37

They arrive at the Golgi apparatus, modified, reorganized, & packaged for transport (out of cell or other locations)

Question 38

What 2 things are involved in energy transduction?

Answer 38

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 39

Name similarities b/w the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Answer 39

Contain a double-membrane (inner, outer), inner membranes are highly-folded…increasing SA, inner membranes and their interior regions are critical for organelle function, both derived from ancient bacteria

Question 40

Define a vesicle.

Answer 40

A specialized, single membrane-enclosed region within a cell.

Question 41

What protects the cytosol?

Answer 41

Compartmentalization.

Question 42

Where are lysosomes found and their function and how.

Answer 42

Found in eukaryotic cells and used for cellular digestion; interior is highly acidic and contains many enzymes to break down macromolecules.

Question 43

What are Peroxisomes found and used for?

Answer 43

Found in animal (and some plant) cells and used to conduct oxidation reactions with H2O2.

Question 44

Where are Vacuoles found and their function?

Answer 44

Found in mature plant cells (and some protists) and used for storage.

Question 45

Is the cytoskeleton an organelle?

Answer 45

No

Question 46

CYTOSKELETON: What are the 3 types of protein filaments?

Answer 46

Actin filaments (microfilaments), Microtubules, Intermediate filaments.

Question 47

State something about actin filaments.

Answer 47

Most abundant protein in a cell.

Question 48

State 2 things about microtubules.

Answer 48

Thicker, stronger fibers of tubulin, packed in bundles. Serve as an internal skeleton and for directed movement (e.g. cilia).

Question 49

State 1 thing about Intermediate filaments.

Answer 49

Extend outward from nuclear envelope to help cell resist external stress.