CHAPTER 1 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURE Flashcards
has been fundamental to the development of human civilization. This presentation will explore the key milestones in the evolution of agriculture worldwide, emphasizing the role of critical events, individuals, and organizations.
Agriculture
Time Period of Origins of Agriculture
Around 10,000 BCE.
Event of Origins of Agriculture The beginning of agriculture in the , specifically in regions that are now part of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.
Fertile Crescent
Key Figures/Groups of Origins of Agriculture
Early human communities who .
transitioned from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled farming
Significance of The domestication of wild grasses like wheat and barley and the first domesticated animals (sheep, goats) marked the beginning of the agricultural era.
Origins of Agriculture
Time Period of Neolithic Revolution
10,000 to 4,500 BCE.
Event of The Neolithic Revolution, also known as
the First Agricultural Revolution.
Key Figures/Groups of Neolithic Revolution
Early in the Fertile Crescent, along the Nile River in Egypt, the Indus Valley, and the Yellow River in China.
agrarian societies
Significance of Neolithic Revolution The establishment of agriculture allowed for the development of , leading to the rise of the first civilizations.
settled communities
Time Period of Early Agricultural Civilizations
3,000 BCE to 1,000 CE.
Event of Development of complex agricultural societies in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and Mesoamerica.
Early Agricultural Civilizations
Key Figures/Groups of Early Agricultural Civilizations
- Sumerians (Mesopotamia)
- Egyptians
- The Maya civilization
introduced irrigation and plow agriculture.
Sumerians (Mesopotamia)
developed basin irrigation along the Nile.
Egyptians
The developed sophisticated agricultural terraces and raised fields.
Maya civilization
Significance of The advancements in agriculture supported the growth of these early civilizations, leading to significant cultural and technological developments.
Early Agricultural Civilizations
Time Period Of Roman and Chinese Agricultural Innovations
1,000 BCE to 500 CE.
Event of Roman and Chinese Agricultural Innovations Agricultural innovations in the Roman Empire and
Han China.
Key Figures/Organizations of Roman and Chinese Agricultural Innovations
Roman engineers
Chinese agriculturalists
who developed aqueducts and latifundia (large estates).
Roman engineers
during the Han Dynasty who implemented the iron plow and row cultivation.
Chinese agriculturalists
Significance of These innovations significantly increased agricultural productivity and supported large, complex societies.
Roman and Chinese Agricultural Innovations
Time Period of Islamic Agricultural Revolution
8th to 13th Century.
Key Figures/Organizations of Islamic Agricultural Revolution
- Scholars like Ibn al-Awwam and al-Dinawari
*The spread of new crops and techniques across the Islamic world.
documented agricultural practices.
Scholars like Ibn al-Awwam and al-Dinawari
The spread of new crops (e.g., and techniques across the Islamic world.
rice, sugarcane, cotton)
Significance of This period saw the introduction of new crops and advanced irrigation techniques, which spread throughout the Islamic world, impacting Europe and Asia.
Islamic Agricultural Revolution
Time Period of Medieval European Agriculture
9th to 15th Century.
Event of blank Feudal agricultural systems and the development of the three-field crop rotation system.
Medieval European Agriculture
Key Figures/Organizations of European peasants and lords under the feudal system.
Monastic orders that preserved and spread agricultural knowledge.
Medieval European Agriculture
European peasants and lords under the .
.
feudal system
that preserved and spread agricultural knowledge
Monastic orders
Significance of blank The three-field system and the heavy plow increased productivity in Europe, supporting population growth and the rise of towns.
Medieval European Agriculture
Time Period of Columbian Exchange
15th to 16th Century.
: The Columbian Exchange following the voyages of
Christopher Columbus.
Significance of blank The exchange of crops, animals, and diseases between the Old and New World transformed global agriculture. New World crops like potatoes, maize, and tomatoes became staples in Europe, while Old World livestock like horses and cattle were introduced to the Americas.
Columbian Exchange
Time Period of Agricultural Revolution in Britain
17th to 19th Century.
Key Figures/Organizations of Agricultural Revolution in Britain
Jethro Tull,
Charles Townshend,
British Parliament,
inventor of the seed drill (1701).
Jethro Tull,
who promoted the four-field crop rotation system.
Charles Townshend,
, which passed the Enclosure Acts, consolidating small farms into larger ones.
The British Parliament
Significance of blank These innovations increased agricultural productivity and efficiency, laying the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution.
Agricultural Revolution in Britain
Time Period of Industrialization of Agriculture
19th to early 20th Century.
Event during the Industrial Revolution.
Mechanization of agriculture
Key Figures/Organizations of Industrialization of Agriculture
John Deere,
Cyrus McCormick
Agrarian societies and early agricultural businesses.
, inventor of the steel plow (1837).
John Deere
inventor of the mechanical reaper (1831).
Cyrus McCormick,
Significance of blank The introduction of machinery transformed farming from a labor-intensive activity into a more efficient industrial process, enabling mass food production.
Industrialization of Agriculture
Time Period of The Green Revolution
1940s to 1960s.
Key Figures/Organizations of The Green Revolution
Norman Borlaug,
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
The Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation,
, known as the “Father of the Green Revolution,” developed high yielding varieties of wheat.
Norman Borlaug
Norman Borlaug, known as the developed high yielding varieties of wheat.
“Father of the Green Revolution,”
in the Philippines, which developed IR8 rice.
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
which funded agricultural research.
The Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation,
Significance of blank introduced high-yielding crop varieties, chemical fertilizers, and advanced irrigation techniques, leading to dramatic increases in food production, especially in developing countries.
The Green Revolution
Time Period of Modern Agriculture
Late 20th Century to Present.
Event of modern agriculture The rise of modern,
industrialized agriculture.
Key Figures/Organizations of Modern Agriculture
- Companies like Monsanto,
- The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations
3.Precision agriculture innovators and tech companies.
Significance of blank is characterized by the use of GMOs, precision farming, automation, and global trade networks. While these advances have increased productivity, they also raise concerns about sustainability, biodiversity, and food security.
Modern agriculture
Innovators in agri-tech, such as for smart tractors.
John Deere
Organizations like promoting sustainable food systems.
the World Economic Forum
Time Period of Pre-Colonial Agriculture
Before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1521
Farming Practices of Pre-Colonial Agriculture
- Indigenous Filipinos
- The Ifugao Rice Terraces
practiced subsistence farming, cultivating rice, root crops (e.g., yam, taro), and vegetables.
Indigenous Filipinos
, built around 2,000 years ago, exemplify sophisticated agricultural engineering.
The Ifugao Rice Terraces
was common, especially in upland areas.
Slash-and-burn (Kaingin) farming
Early existed with neighboring countries, such as China and the Malay Archipelago, exchanging agricultural products like rice and root crops.
trade
Time Period of Spanish Colonial Period
1521 to 1898.
The Spaniards introduced cash crops such as .
sugarcane,
tobacco,
abaca (Manila hemp),
and coffee
Sugar plantations in ,
Negros
tobacco farms in .
Ilocos
Established in the early 1570s by Spanish colonizers, this system granted Spanish encomenderos the right to collect tribute from indigenous Filipinos in exchange for protection and Christianization
Encomienda System:
: owned significant tracts of land, making them key players in colonial agriculture.
The Friar Orders (Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans)
Time Period of American Period
1898 to 1946.
The introduced modern farming techniques and equipment, such as tractors and plows, in the early 20th century.
Americans
The Public Land Act of 1902 and the Homestead Program aimed to encourage private land ownership among Filipinos.
Land Ownership Reforms
Establishment of the in 1901, which later became the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Bureau of Agriculture
Founding of the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture (UPCA) in 1909, now known as the which became a hub for agricultural research and education.
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB),
Key Figures of American Period
Dean Charles Fuller Baker and Dr. Edwin Copeland
Time Period of Post-War Agricultural Reforms
1946 to 1972.
was one of the first land reform laws, aimed at protecting the rights of tenant farmers.
The Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954
In the 1960s, the Philippines became one of the first countries in Asia to benefit from the
Green Revolution.
Introduction of high-yielding rice varieties (IR8, known as “ developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños, Laguna
Miracle Rice”)
Key Figures of Post-War Agricultural Reforms
Dr. Robert Chandler,
Time Period of Martial Law and Agrarian Reform
1972 to 1986.
declared Martial Law in 1972, which led to significant agrarian reform policies.
President Ferdinand Marcos
President Ferdinand Marcos declared which led to significant agrarian reform policies.
Martial Law in 1972,
Issued in 1972, this decree focused on land reform, specifically aiming to provide rice and corn lands to tenant farmers.
Presidential Decree No. 27
was established to oversee the implementation of agrarian reform programs.
Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)
Time Period of Post-Martial Law to Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
1986 to 2000.
The revolution led to the ousting of President Marcos and the installation of , who initiated the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
President Corazon Aquino
aimed to distribute around 10.3 million hectares of agricultural land to landless farmers and farm workers.
CARP
Time Period of Contemporary Philippine Agriculture
2000 to Present.
Modern Challenges Contemporary Philippine Agriculture
.
Climate change
rural poverty
aging farmer population
and land distribution
Government Initiatives Contemporary Philippine Agriculture
The Department of Agriculture (DA) the Rice
Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF)
Key Figures of Contemporary Philippine Agriculture
Secretary William Dar
(appointed in 2019) emphasized the “New Thinking for Agriculture,” focusing on achieving food security and making the agriculture sector globally competitive.
Secretary William Dar
is a system driven by private ownership, free markets, and profit maximization.
The pursuit of profit motivates innovation and efficiency in all sectors, including agriculture.
Capitalism
are systems that deviate from the core principles of capitalism, emphasizing communal ownership, traditional practices, and subsistence farming. These societies often prioritize community needs and sustainable practices over profit maximization.
Non-capitalist societies
is characterized by large-scale operations and advanced technology,
Capitalist agriculture
is typically small-scale and labor-intensive.
non-capitalist agriculture
refers to viewing agriculture as a sector of economic activity that operates similarly to other industries. In this context, agriculture involves commercial-scale production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products.
Agriculture as industry
Provides a significant portion of the nation’s food supply, ensuring food security for a growing population.
Food security
Contributes to GDP, generates employment, and supports related industries like processing and distribution.
Economic Growth:
Provides income and employment for a large segment of the rural population.
Rural Livelihoods
Key Sectors of Agriculture as an Industry
- Rice
- Fruits and Vegetables:
- Livestock
- Fisheries
: The staple food, with a significant focus on production and distribution.
Rice
: Important export commodities and sources of income for smallholder farmers.
Fruits and Vegetables
: Includes poultry, pigs, and cattle, contributing to meat and dairy production.
Livestock
: A major industry, providing seafood for domestic consumption and export
Fisheries
Examples of Philippine Agricultural Industries:
Rice production
Coconut production
Sugarcane production
Banana production
Aquaculture
Rice production (e.g.,
National Food Authority)
Coconut production (e.g.,
Philippine Coconut Authority)
Sugarcane production (e.g.,
Sugar Regulatory Administration)
Banana production (e.g.,
Dole Philippines)
Aquaculture (e.g.,
tuna fishing industry)
Challenges of agricultural industries
Limited Land
Natural Disasters
Climate Change
Market Volatility
The Philippines has a relatively small land area, leading to competition for resources
Limited Land:
Typhoons, floods, and droughts pose significant risks to agricultural production.
Natural Disasters:
Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns impact crop yields and livestock production.
Climate Change:
Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns impact crop yields and livestock production.
Climate Change:
: Global market fluctuations and trade policies can affect prices and profitability
Market Volatility
Agriculture as “” refers to the scientific study and application of principles, processes, and technologies related to farming, crop cultivation, livestock management, and food production.
science
Technological Advancements of
- Biotechnology
- Precision Agriculture:
- Sustainable Farming Practices:
: Use of genetically modified crops (GMOs) and other biotechnology tools for higher yields and pest resistance.
Biotechnology
: Utilizing technology like GPS, sensors, and data analysis to optimize resource use and improve efficiency.
Precision Agriculture
Promoting eco-friendly techniques like organic farming, integrated pest management, and conservation agriculture.
Sustainable Farming Practices:
The Department of Agriculture (DA) and other research centers play a crucial role in agricultural innovation.
Government Institutions:
Companies involved in seed production, fertilizer, and agricultural technology contribute to research and development.
Private Sector:
Academic institutions conduct research and educate future agricultural professionals.
Universities and Colleges
Agriculture as a “ “ refers to engaging in agricultural activities as a career.
profession
: The backbone of the industry, responsible for cultivating crops and raising livestock.
Farmers
Conduct research, develop new technologies, and provide technical expertise.
Agricultural Scientists:
Educate farmers on best practices, new technologies, and sustainable farming methods.
Extension Workers:
: Design and develop agricultural machinery and infrastructure.
Agricultural Engineers
Work in marketing, processing, distribution, and other aspects of the agricultural supply chain.
Agribusiness Professionals:
Education and Training:
- Agricultural Colleges and Universities:
- Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET):
- On-the-Job Training:
Offer degrees in various agricultural disciplines, preparing students for careers in the sector.
Agricultural Colleges and Universities:
Provide skills-based training for specific agricultural roles.
Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET):
Practical experience gained through working on farms and in agricultural businesses.
On-the-Job Training:
The following are the Career Opportunities:
Farming
Agricultural research
Extension services
Agribusiness
Food processing
Environmental conservation
Educators
(e.g., rice farmers, coconut farmers)
Farming
(e.g., scientists at PhilRice, PCA)
Agricultural research
(e.g., agricultural extension workers)
Extension services
(e.g., managers at agricultural cooperatives)
Agribusiness
(e.g., workers in food factories)
Food processing
(e.g., conservationists working on reforestation projects)
Environmental conservation
Professional Organizations:
Philippine Society for Agricultural Science (PSAS)
Philippine Society of Animal Science (PSAS)
Philippine Society of Plant Physiology (PSPP)
Philippine Society of Soil Science (PSSS)
(PSAS stand for
Philippine Society for Agricultural Science
(PSAS) Stand for
Philippine Society of Animal Science
(PSPP)
Philippine Society of Plant Physiology
(PSSS) Stand for
Philippine Society of Soil Science
