Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Software Testing

Question 1

Which of the following statement is a valid objective for testing?

a. ) The test should start as late as possible so that development had enough time to create a good product.
b. ) To find as many failures as possible so that defects can be identified and corrected.
c. ) To prove that all possible defects are identified.
d. ) To prove that any remaining defects will not cause any failures

Answer 1

b.) To find as many failures as possible so that defects can be identified and corrected.

Question 2

Which of the following general testing principles are true? (Chapter 1.3)

I. Testing shows the presence of defects but not the absence of defects
II. Testing of combinations of inputs and outputs will find all defects
III. Testing should start after the completion of key development tasks
IV. Testing of safety-critical software is similar to testing web applications

A. I is true; II, III, and IV are false
B. II is true; I, III and IV are false
C. I and II are true; III and IV are false
D. II and III are true; I and IV are false

Answer 2

A. I is true; II, III, and IV are false

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between testing and debugging?

a) Testing identifies the source of defects; debugging analyzes the defects and proposes prevention activities.
b) Dynamic testing shows failures caused by defects; debugging finds, analyzes, and removes the causes of failures in the software.
c) Testing removes defects; debugging identifies the causes of failures.
d) Dynamic testing prevents the causes of failures; debugging removes the failures.

Answer 3

b) Dynamic testing shows failures caused by defects; debugging finds, analyzes, and removes the causes of failures in the software.

Question 4

“How much testing is enough?” (Chapter 1.1.5)

A. This question is impossible to answer

B. This question is easy to answer

C. The answer depends on the risk for your industry, contract and special requirements

D. This answer depends on the maturity of your developers

Answer 4

C. The answer depends on the risk for your industry, contract and special requirements

Question 5

As a result of risk analysis, more testing is being directed to those areas of the system under test where
initial testing found more defects than average. Which of the following testing principles is being applied?

a) Beware of the pesticide paradox.
b) Testing is context dependent.
c) Absence-of-errors is a fallacy.
d) Defects cluster together

Answer 5

d) Defects cluster together

Question 6

In what way can testing be part of Quality Assurance?

a) It ensures that requirements are detailed enough.
b) It contributes to the achievement of quality in a variety of ways.
c) It ensures that standards in the organization are followed.
d) It measures the quality of software in terms of number of executed test cases

Answer 6

b) It contributes to the achievement of quality in a variety of ways.

Question 7

Which of the following activities is part of the main activity “test analysis” in the test process?

a) Identifying any required infrastructure and tools.
b) Creating test suites from test scripts.
c) Analyzing lessons learned for process improvement.
d) Evaluating the test basis for testability

Answer 7

d) Evaluating the test basis for testability

Question 8

Match the following test work products (1-4) with the right description (A-D)

1. Test suite.
2. Test case.
3. Test script.
4. Test charter.

A. A group of test scripts with a sequence of instructions.

B. A set of instructions for the execution of a test.

C. Contains expected results.

D. An instruction of test goals and possible test ideas on how to test.

a) 1A, 2C, 3B, 4D.
b) 1D, 2B, 3A, 4C.
c) 1A, 2C, 3D, 4B.
d) 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A.

Answer 8

a) 1A, 2C, 3B, 4D.

Question 9

Which of the following is not phase of the Fundamental Test Process?

A. Test Planning

B. Test implementation and execution

C. Test Analysis

D. Test monitoring and control

Answer 9

B. Test implementation and execution

Question 10

A product owner says that your role as a tester on an Agile team is to catch all the bugs before the end of each iteration. Which of the following is a testing principle that could be used to respond to this

statement?

a) Defect clustering
b) Testing shows the presence of defects
c) Absence of error fallacy
d) Root cause analysis

Answer 10

b) Testing shows the presence of defects

Question 11

Which of the following is a typical test objective?

a) Preventing defects
b) Repairing defects
c) Comparing actual results to expected results
d) Analyzing the cause of failure

Answer 11

a) Preventing defects

Question 12

Pick the best definition of quality:

a.) Part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled.

b) The degree to which a component, system or process meets specified requirements and/or
user/customer needs and expectations.

c) The degree to which a component or system protects information and data so that persons or
other components or systems have the degree of access appropriate to their types and levels
of authorization.

d) The total costs incurred on quality activities and issues and often split into prevention costs,
appraisal costs, internal failure costs and external failure costs.

Answer 12

b) The degree to which a component, system or process meets specified requirements and/or
user/customer needs and expectations.

Question 13

13. A company recently purchased a commercial off-the-shelf application to automate their bill-paying process. They now plan to run an acceptance test against the package prior to putting it into production. Which of the following is their most likely reason for testing?

A. To build confidence in the application.

B. To detect bugs in the application.

C. To gather evidence for a lawsuit.

D. To train the users.

Answer 13

A. To build confidence in the application.

Question 14

A deviation from the specified or expected behavior that is visible to end-users is called:

A. an error

B. a fault

C. a failure

D. a defect

Answer 14

C. a failure

Question 15

Which of the following is not a part of the Test Implementation Phase?

A. Designing and prioritizing test cases and sets of test cases

B. Building the test environment (including, potentially, test harnesses, service virtualization, simulators, and other infrastructure items) and verifying that everything needed has been set up correctly

C. Preparing test data and ensuring it is properly loaded in the test environment

D. Creating test suites from the test procedures and (if any) automated test scripts

Answer 15

A. Designing and prioritizing test cases and sets of test cases

Question 16

Which of the following is not a part of the Test Implementation Work Products?

a) Test suites
b) Defined and prioritized test conditions
c) Test suites
d) Test procedures and the sequencing of those test procedures

Answer 16

b) Defined and prioritized test conditions

Question 17

Which of the following can be root cause of a bug in a software product?

(I) The project had incomplete procedures for configuration management.
(II) The time schedule to develop a certain component was cut.
(III) The specification was unclear
(IV) Use of the code standard was not followed up
(V) The testers were not certified

A. (I) and (II) are correct
B. (I) through (IV) are correct
C. (III) through (V) are correct
D. (I), (II) and (IV) are correct

Answer 17

B. (I) through (IV) are correct

Question 18

A test team consistently finds between 90% and 95% of the defects present in the system under test. While the test manager understands that this is a good defect-detection percentage for her test team and industry, senior management
and executives remain disappointed in the test group, saying that the test team misses too many bugs. Given that the users are generally happy with the system
and that the failures which have occurred have generally been low impact, which of the following testing principles is most likely to help the test manager explain to these managers and executives why some defects are likely to be missed?

A. Exhaustive testing is impossible

B. Defect clustering

C. Pesticide paradox

D. Absence-of-errors fallacy

Answer 18

A. Exhaustive testing is impossible

Question 19

Which of the statements below is the best assessment of how the test principles apply across the test life cycle?

A. Test principles only affect the preparation for testing.

B. Test principles only affect test execution activities.

C. Test principles affect the early test activities such as review.

D. Test principles affect activities throughout the test life cycle

Answer 19

D. Test principles affect activities throughout the test life cycle

Question 20

Ensuring that test design starts during the requirements definition phase is important to enable which of the following test objectives?

A. Preventing defects in the system.

B. Finding defects through dynamic testing.

C. Gaining confidence in the system.

D. Finishing the project on time.

Answer 20

A. Preventing defects in the system.

Question 21

Who would USUALLY perform debugging activities?

A. Developers.

B. Analysts.

C. Testers.

D. Incident Managers.

Answer 21

A. Developers.

Question 22

Which is not the testing objectives

A. To prevent defects

B. To build confidence in the level of quality of the test object

C. To find failures and defects.

D. Debugging defects

Answer 22

D. Debugging defects

Question 23

Which is not a testing principle

A. Early testing

B. Defect clustering

C. Pesticide paradox

D. Context Independent

Answer 23

D. Context Independent

Question 24

Which of the following is the standard for the Software product quality

A. ISO 9126

B. ISO 829

C. ISO 1012

D. ISO 1028

Answer 24

A. ISO 9126

Question 25

Which of the following is true

A. Testing is the same as quality assurance

B. Testing is a part of quality assurance

C. Testing is not a part of quality assurance

D. Testing is same as debugging

Answer 25

B. Testing is a part of quality assurance

Question 26

Which of the following is false?

A. In a system two different failures may have different severities.

B. A system is necessarily more reliable after debugging for the removal of a fault.

C. A fault need not affect the reliability of a system.

D. Undetected errors may lead to faults and eventually to incorrect behavior.

Answer 26

B. A system is necessarily more reliable after debugging for the removal of a fault.

Question 27

Which general testing principles are characterized by the descriptions below?

W) Early testing
X) Defect clustering
Y) Pesticide paradox
Z) Absence-of-errors fallacy

1) Testing should start at the beginning of the project
2) Conformance to requirements and fitness for use
3) Small Number of modules contain the most defects
4) Test cases must be regularly renewed and revised

A. W1, X2, Y3, and Z4
B. W1, X3, Y4, and Z2
C. W2, X3, Y1, and Z4
D. W1, X4, Y2, and Z3

Answer 27

B. W1, X3, Y4, and Z2

Question 28

System test execution on a project is planned for eight weeks. After a week of testing, a tester suggests that the test objective stated in the test plan of ‘finding as many defects as possible during system test’ might be more closely met by redirecting the test effort according to which test principle?

A. Impossibility of exhaustive testing.

B. Importance of early testing.

C. The absence of errors fallacy.

D. Defect clustering.

Answer 28

A. Impossibility of exhaustive testing.

Question 29

Which of the following is a benefit of test independence?

A. It does not require familiarity with the code.

B. It is cheaper than using developers to test their own code.

C. It avoids author bias in defining effective tests.

D. Testers are better at finding defects than developers.

Answer 29

C. It avoids author bias in defining effective tests.

Question 30

Which of the following has highest level of independence in which test cases are:

A. Designed by persons who write the software under test

B. Designed by a person from a different section

C. Designed by a person from a different organization

D. Designed by another person

Answer 30

C. Designed by a person from a different organization

Question 31

31. Determining if more tests are needed is a part of which phase?

A. Test planning

B. Test monitoring and control

C. Test design

D. Test analysis

Answer 31

B. Test monitoring and control

Question 32

Which of the following is a part of Test Completion Activities?

i. Checking whether all defect reports are closed
ii. Reporting defects based on the failures observed
iii. Creating a test summary report to be communicated to stakeholders
iv. Analyzing lessons learned from the completed test activities to determine changes needed for
future iterations, releases, and projects

A. i , ii , iv are true and iii is false
B. i , ii , iii are true and iv is false
C. i , iii , iv are true and ii is false
D. All of above are true

Answer 32

C. i , iii , iv are true and ii is false

Question 33

Consider the following list of test process activities:

I. Test planning
II. Test monitoring and control
III. Test design
IV. Test analysis
V. Test implementation
VI. Test completion
VII. Test execution

Which of the following places these in their logical sequence?

A. I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII.
B. I, III, II, IV, VII, V and VI.
C. I, II, III, IV, V, VII and VI.
D. I, II, IV, III, V, VII and VI.

Answer 33

D. I, II, IV, III, V, VII and VI.

Question 34

Which is the best definition for “debugging”?

A. Is part of the fundamental testing process.

B. Includes the repair of the cause of a failure.

C. Involves intentionally adding known defects.

D. Follows the steps of a test procedure.

Answer 34

B. Includes the repair of the cause of a failure.

Question 35

During which fundamental test process activity do we verify and update bi-directional traceability between the test basis, test conditions, test cases, test procedures, and test results.?

A. Test analysis

B. Test implementation

C. Test completion

D. Test execution

Answer 35

D. Test execution

Question 36

The _________ Is the activity where general testing determines “what to test” in terms of measurable coverage criteria.

E. Test analysis

F. Test implementation

G. Test design

H. Test execution

Answer 36

E. Test analysis

Question 37

The word ‘bug’ is synonymous with which of the following words?

A. Incident

B. Defect

C. Mistake

D. Error

Answer 37

B. Defect

Question 38

Which of the statements below is the best assessment of how the test principles apply across the test life cycle?

A. Test principles only affect the preparation for testing.

B. Test principles only affect test execution activities.

C. Test principles affect the early test activities such as review.

D. Test principles affect activities throughout the test life cycle.

Answer 38

D. Test principles affect activities throughout the test life cycle.

Question 39

A risk relates to which of the following?

A. Negative feedback to the tester.

B. Negative consequences that will occur.

C. Negative consequences that could occur.

D. Negative consequences for the test object.

Answer 39

C. Negative consequences that could occur.

Question 40

What should be taken into account to determine when to stop testing?

I. Technical risk
II. Business risk
III Project constraints
IV Product documentation

A. I and II are true. III and IV are false
B. III is true, I, II, and IV are false
C. I, II, and IV are true; III is false
D. I, II, and III are true, IV is false

Answer 40

D. I, II, and III are true, IV is false