Chapter 1: Foundations of Biochemistry Flashcards
Living matter is characterized by …
- High degree of complexity and organization
- Use of energy to create and maintain structures and to do work
- Cellular Structure
- Ability to sense and respond to changes in environment by adapting internal chemistry
The universal building block
Cell
What are the three domains of life
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
A highly viscous solution where many reactions take place, very dense with proteins
Cytoplasm
Cell structure, created by protein filaments that crisscross that gives the cell shape and allows for movement
Cytoskeleton
Microtubles, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments are all part of the …
Cytoskeleton
“Photo-“
Energy input from sunlight needed to maintain life (plants and some bacteria)
“Chemo-“
Energy input from fuels needed to maintain life (animals and most bacteria)
Chiral carbons
A carbon with four different substituents
If a molecule has 2 chiral carbons, how many stereoisomers does it have?
4 (2 risen to the nth power)
R system chirality
Clockwise
S system chirality
Counterclockwise
Structural (Constitutional) isomers
Same atoms but different order of bonding and different properties
Cis
groups on the same
Trans
groups on the opposite sides
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
A chemical or physical process goes spontaneously in direction of greater disorder (entropy)
Catabolism
Energy-producing, breakdown
Anabolism
Energy-consuming, biosynthetic
Energy available to do work
Free energy
Molecules with same chemical bonds but different configuration, and different properties
Stereoisomers
Have identical physical properties (except with regard to polarized light) and react identically with achiral reagents, but may have different biological activity
Enantiomers (mirrored images)
Have different physical and chemical properties
Diastereomers (not mirrored)
Mitochondria
For energy in animals, plants and fungi
Golgi Apparatus
Processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles
Chloroplast
For energy in plant
Lysosome
For digestion of unneeded molecules
Endosymbiosis
Bacteria consumed by a larger bacteria
